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Arquivo da categoria: língua e poder
>Governo americano discute intervir contra queima do Alcorão na Flórida (Estado de SP)
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Pastor fala em repensar planos a pedido da Casa Branca, Pentágono ou departamento de Estado
09 de setembro de 2010 | 14h 48
Pastor Jones idealizou o ‘Dia Internacional da Queima do Corão’.
WASHINGTON – O governo americano discute fazer um pedido formal ao pastor Terry Jones para que ele desista de promover queima de exemplares do Alcorão – o livro sagrado do Islã – no aniversário dos atentados de 11 de setembro, no próximo sábado.
“Esta possibilidade está sendo discutida no governo, mas ainda não há uma decisão”, disse o porta-voz do Pentágono Geoffrey Morrell nesta quinta-feira, 9.
Em uma entrevista publicada pelo jornal USA Today, o reverendo disse que se recebesse um pedido da Casa Branca, do Departamento de Estado ou do Pentágono, repensaria seus planos.
“Por enquanto não estamos convencidos que recuar seja o certo a fazer. Se fôssemos contactados pela Casa Branca, pelo Departamento de Estado ou pelo Pentágono isto nos faria repensar. Não acho que um pedido deles seja algo que ignoraríamos”, disse.
Obama intervém
Pela manhã, em uma entrevista à rede de TV ABC, o presidente Barack Obama defendeu que o pastor desista do protesto. Segundo o democrata, a atitude pode colocar em risco tropas americanas no Afeganistão e incentivar radicais islâmicos da Al-Qaeda.
“Se ele estiver escutando, espero que ele entenda que o que ele propõe é completamente contrário ao valores dos americanos. Nosso país foi construído sobre as noções da tolerância e da liberdade religiosa”, disse Obama. “Quero que ele entenda que seu golpe publicitário pode colocar em grave perigo todos aqueles que servem o país fora daqui”.
Obama ainda disse que a queima do Alcorão , vai impulsionar a Al-Qaeda e aumentar os níveis de violência contra os soldados americanos no Afeganistão e no Paquistão. “Espero que ele ouça sua consciência e entenda que seus planos levarão a atos de destruição”, concluiu o presidente.
Viajantes em alerta
Também nesta tarde, o departamento de Estado emitiu um alerta para americanos fora do país sobre o risco de manifestações antiamericanas no sábado, caso o reverendo leve sua proposta adiante.
“O potencial para protestos que podem se tornar violentos continua alta”, diz o alerta.
Com Reuters
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Da Flórida a Meca – A história do extremista cristão que quer queimar 200 cópias do Alcorão
por Gustavo Chacra
09.setembro.2010 05:17:11
Antes de começar o texto, preciso deixar claro que ninguém nos EUA está apoiando a iniciativa de queimar o Alcorão, a não ser os seguidores do pastor da Flórida. Até mesmo oportunistas supostamente conservadores, como o apresentador Glenn Beck, da Fox News, criticaram a iniciativa.
Terry Jones era um pastor completamente desconhecido e irrelevante nos Estados Unidos até dois meses atrás. Apenas 30 pessoas frequentam semanalmente seus sermões em sua igreja em Gainesville, na Flórida. Mesmo na pequena cidade, este líder evangélico é considerado uma figura marginal, sem importância, quase uma piada. Ele era considerado um fracasso nas relações públicas.
A não ser pelo seu longo bigode grisalho, Jones não conseguia chamar a atenção, apesar de tentar com o seu programa “The Braveheart Show”, no YouTube, e com o livro “The Islam is of the Devil”. Porém somente 200 pessoas costumavam assisti-lo. Um número similar comprou o seu livro na internet.
Tudo mudou em 25 de julho deste ano, quando o pastor decidiu, no seu programa do YouTube, lançar uma campanha “internacional” para queimar o Alcorão. “O Islã é do demônio. O 11 de Setembro nunca será esquecido. Foi o dia que Islã nos atacou, o nosso modo de vida, a nossa Constituição. É uma religião demoníaca. Neste 11 de Setembro, teremos um dia internacional para queimar o Alcorão”, afirmou o pastor, que se autodenomina doutor, no vídeo de 1 minuto e 36 segundos.
Inicialmente, poucos prestaram atenção na sua campanha. Nos últimos dias, com a aproximação do 11 de Setembro, as autoridades passaram a levar a sério a campanha deste pastor que lidera uma igreja chamada Dove World Outreach Center.
Aproveitando a sua popularidade, Jones tem dado seguidas entrevistas a redes de TV. Críticos, como o general David Petreaus, comparam o seu radicalismo ao do Taleban. No seu site, ao apresentar os ideais de sua igreja, ele afirma que “os cristãos precisam retornar para a verdade e parar de se esconderem. O Aborto é um assassinato. A homossexualidade é um pecado. Temos que chamar estas coisas pelo que elas realmente são. Jesus é o único caminho, a verdade e a vida. Qualquer religião que vá contra isso é demônio”.
Repúdio internacional
A decisão de queimar cerca de 200 cópias do Alcorão no dia 11 de Setembro provocou repúdio internacional e elevou os temores de reações violentas de muçulmanos ao redor do mundo. Autoridades americanas e lideranças islâmicas moderadas tentam mostrar que esta manifestação é um caso isolado, não representando o pensamento americano.
Até agora, estas condenações a Jones foram insuficientes para conter os protestos que já começaram na Indonésia e no Paquistão e devem se espalhar por outros países. Um porta-voz do Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Irã advertiu os EUA para não “profanarem objetos islâmicos” e para “não criarem situações sensíveis envolvendo a opinião pública e os muçulmanos”.
O tom também foi duro nas declarações de um ex-ministro de assuntos religiosos da Síria. “Estamos acostumados a ver as administrações arrogantes dos EUA e da Europa ofendendo o islamismo e a figura do profeta Maomé”, disse Abd al Razzaq Munis para uma rede de TV iraniana. No Afeganistão, manifestantes queimaram bandeiras americanas e um boneco que representaria Terry Jones.
Há cinco anos, depois de um cartunista dinamarquês publicar um cartoon satirizando o profeta Maomé, dezenas de milhares de muçulmanos protestaram violentamente ao redor do mundo e mais de cem pessoas morreram. Queimar o Alcorão seria uma blasfêmia ainda maior para os muçulmanos. “Se a igreja da Flórida levar adiante seus planos de queimar o Alcorão no 11 de Setembro, aquela data infame vai ganhar um irmão gêmeo que será o estopim de uma onda de ira que consumirá partes do mundo”, escreveu em editorial o jornal libanês Daily Star, alertando sobre os riscos da atitude do pastor americano.
Ao publicarem as informações sobre o assunto ontem, a imprensa da região foi cautelosa. Até mesmo a rede de TV Al Manar, do Hezbollah, evitou declarações incendiárias ao colocar logo no primeiro parágrafo de seu texto que autoridades americanas condenaram a atitude do pastor. A Al Jazeera também tomou o mesmo cuidado.
Em declarações no Council on Foreign Relations, a secretária de Estado, Hillary Clinton, disse que os planos de “uma pequena igreja da Flórida de queimar cópias do Alcorão no 11 de Setembro é revoltante e infeliz, não representando quem somos como americanos”. O comandante das forças americanas no Afeganistão, general David Petraeus, também condenou o pastor, afirmando que a atitude dele pode colocar em risco as tropas americanas.
O Vaticano criticou Jones ao afirmar que todas as religiões “devem ser respeitadas e protegidas”. A chanceler (premiê) alemã, Angela Merkel, e o presidente do Líbano, Michel Suleiman, que é cristão, também lamentaram a decisão do pastor da Flórida e alertaram para os riscos de violência em reação à atitude dele. O secretário-geral da ONU, Ban Ki-Moon, disse que a ação do pastor pode colocar em risco “iniciativas das Nações Unidas ao redor do mundo para defender a tolerância religiosa”.
Apesar de todas estas iniciativas, a Justiça americana não pode impedir que o pastor siga adiante com seus planos. A Constituição dos EUA garante o direito à liberdade de expressão, ainda que uma religião seja ofendida.
Islamofobia
Grupos muçulmanos dos Estados Unidos pretendem realizar um protesto pacífico diante da igreja do pastor Terry Jones, no dia 11 de Setembro, quando ele promete queimar cerca de 200 cópias do Alcorão. A data, neste ano, coincide com o último dia do Ramadã, mês sagrado para os islâmicos.
“Nós estaremos lá. A idéia é encará-lo de frente e mostrar que existe uma alternativa. Também tentaremos mostrar ao resto do mundo islâmico que este pastor é uma figura marginal, não representando o pensamento americano”, me disse Corey Saylor, porta-voz do Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), considerado o grupo mais representativo da população muçulmana dos EUA.
Segundo ele, muitas vezes a imprensa ocidental mostra líderes marginais do islamismo atacando o judaísmo e o cristianismo como se fossem autoridades religiosas importantes. “Não podemos fazer o mesmo. Estamos trabalhando para que os muçulmanos ao redor do mundo entendam que este é um caso isolado”, disse Saylor, advertindo, porém, que existe uma “bolha islamofóbica” nos EUA.
Citando o prefeito de Nova York, Michael Bloomberg, episódios como o do pastor Jones e a oposição à construção do centro comunitário islâmico a dois quarteirões do Ground Zero “possuem motivações políticas e devem se reduzir depois das eleições (parlamentares) de novembro”. Ele também elogiou as manifestações de Hillary e Petraeus.
Na avaliação do CAIR, o presidente Barack Obama não deveria intervir. “Isso seria usado politicamente contra ele”, disse Saylor. O líder americano é classificado como muçulmano por mais de um quinto da população dos EUA, apesar de ele publicamente se declarar cristão.
Um grupo de líderes religiosos, incluindo autoridades cristãs, judaicas e islâmicas, divulgaram ontem um comunicado lamentando a atitude do pastor do Texas e advertindo para o risco do crescimento da islamofobia nos EUA. A revista Time, que é a de maior circulação no país, publicou uma capa no mês passado questionando se os americanos são islamofóbicos. O New York Times, em editoriais, também já advertiu para os riscos dos sentimentos anti-islã.
>How the "ground zero mosque" fear mongering began (Salon)
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A viciously anti-Muslim blogger, the New York Post and the right-wing media machine: How it all went down
By Justin Elliott
Monday, Aug 16, 2010 07:01 ET
Blogger Pamela Geller and Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf (AP)
A group of progressive Muslim-Americans plans to build an Islamic community center two and a half blocks from ground zero in lower Manhattan. They have had a mosque in the same neighborhood for many years. There’s another mosque two blocks away from the site. City officials support the project. Muslims have been praying at the Pentagon, the other building hit on Sept. 11, for many years.
In short, there is no good reason that the Cordoba House project should have been a major national news story, let alone controversy. And yet it has become just that, dominating the political conversation for weeks and prompting such a backlash that, according to a new poll, nearly 7 in 10 Americans now say they oppose the project. How did the Cordoba House become so toxic, so fast?
In a story last week, the New York Times, which framed the project in a largely positive, noncontroversial light last December, argued that it was cursed from the start by “public relations missteps.” But this isn’t accurate. To a remarkable extent, a Salon review of the origins of the story found, the controversy was kicked up and driven by Pamela Geller, a right-wing, viciously anti-Muslim, conspiracy-mongering blogger, whose sinister portrayal of the project was embraced by Rupert Murdoch’s New York Post.
Here’s a timeline of how it all happened:
* Dec. 8, 2009: The Times publishes a lengthy front-page look at the Cordoba project. “We want to push back against the extremists,” Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf, the lead organizer, is quoted as saying. Two Jewish leaders and two city officials, including the mayor’s office, say they support the idea, as does the mother of a man killed on 9/11. An FBI spokesman says the imam has worked with the bureau. Besides a few third-tier right-wing blogs, including Pamela Geller’s Atlas Shrugs site, no one much notices the Times story.
* Dec. 21, 2009: Conservative media personality Laura Ingraham interviews Abdul Rauf’s wife, Daisy Khan, while guest-hosting “The O’Reilly Factor” on Fox. In hindsight, the segment is remarkable for its cordiality. “I can’t find many people who really have a problem with it,” Ingraham says of the Cordoba project, adding at the end of the interview, “I like what you’re trying to do.”
* (This segment [above] also includes onscreen the first use that we’ve seen of the misnomer “ground zero mosque.”) After the segment — and despite the front-page Times story — there were no news articles on the mosque for five and a half months, according to a search of the Nexis newspaper archive.
* May 6, 2010: After a unanimous vote by a New York City community board committee to approve the project, the AP runs a story. It quotes relatives of 9/11 victims (called by the reporter), who offer differing opinions. The New York Post, meanwhile, runs a story under the inaccurate headline, “Panel Approves ‘WTC’ Mosque.” Geller is less subtle, titling her post that day, “Monster Mosque Pushes Ahead in Shadow of World Trade Center Islamic Death and Destruction.” She writes on her Atlas Shrugs blog, “This is Islamic domination and expansionism. The location is no accident. Just as Al-Aqsa was built on top of the Temple in Jerusalem.” (To get an idea of where Geller is coming from, she once suggested that Malcolm X was Obama’s real father. Seriously.)
* May 7, 2010: Geller’s group, Stop Islamization of America (SIOA), launches “Campaign Offensive: Stop the 911 Mosque!” (SIOA ‘s associate director is Robert Spencer, who makes his living writing and speaking about the evils of Islam.) Geller posts the names and contact information for the mayor and members of the community board, encouraging people to write. The board chair later reports getting “hundreds and hundreds” of calls and e-mails from around the world.
* May 8, 2010: Geller announces SIOA’s first protest against what she calls the “911 monster mosque” for May 29. She and Spencer and several other members of the professional anti-Islam industry will attend. (She also says that the protest will mark the dark day of “May 29, 1453, [when] the Ottoman forces led by the Sultan Mehmet II broke through the Byzantine defenses against the Muslim siege of Constantinople.” The outrage-peddling New York Post columnist Andrea Peyser argues in a note at the end of her column a couple of days later that “there are better places to put a mosque.”
* May 13, 2010: Peyser follows up with an entire column devoted to “Mosque Madness at Ground Zero.” This is a significant moment in the development of the “ground zero mosque” narrative: It’s the first newspaper article that frames the project as inherently wrong and suspect, in the way that Geller has been framing it for months. Peyser in fact quotes Geller at length and promotes the anti-mosque protest of Stop Islamization of America, which Peyser describes as a “human-rights group.” Peyser also reports — falsely — that Cordoba House’s opening date will be Sept. 11, 2011.
Lots of opinion makers on the right read the Post, so it’s not surprising that, starting that very day, the mosque story spread through the conservative — and then mainstream — media like fire through dry grass. Geller appeared on Sean Hannity’s radio show. The Washington Examiner ran an outraged column about honoring the 9/11 dead. So did Investor’s Business Daily. Smelling blood, the Post assigned news reporters to cover the ins and outs of the Cordoba House development daily. Fox News, the Post’s television sibling, went all out.
Within a month, Rudy Giuliani had called the mosque a “desecration.” Within another month, Sarah Palin had tweeted her famous “peaceful Muslims, pls refudiate” tweet. Peter King and Newt Gingrich and Tim Pawlenty followed suit — with political reporters and television news programs dutifully covering “both sides” of the controversy.
Geller had succeeded beyond her wildest dreams.
Justin Elliott is a Salon reporter. Reach him by email at jelliott@salon.com and follow him on Twitter @ElliottJusti.
>Science Scorned (Nature)
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Nature, Volume 467:133 (09 September 2010)
The anti-science strain pervading the right wing in the United States is the last thing the country needs in a time of economic challenge.
“The four corners of deceit: government, academia, science and media. Those institutions are now corrupt and exist by virtue of deceit. That’s how they promulgate themselves; it is how they prosper.” It is tempting to laugh off this and other rhetoric broadcast by Rush Limbaugh, a conservative US radio host, but Limbaugh and similar voices are no laughing matter.
There is a growing anti-science streak on the American right that could have tangible societal and political impacts on many fronts — including regulation of environmental and other issues and stem-cell research. Take the surprise ousting last week of Lisa Murkowski, the incumbent Republican senator for Alaska, by political unknown Joe Miller in the Republican primary for the 2 November midterm congressional elections. Miller, who is backed by the conservative ‘Tea Party movement’, called his opponent’s acknowledgement of the reality of global warming “exhibit ‘A’ for why she needs to go”.
“The country’s future crucially depends on education, science and technology.”
The right-wing populism that is flourishing in the current climate of economic insecurity echoes many traditional conservative themes, such as opposition to taxes, regulation and immigration. But the Tea Party and its cheerleaders, who include Limbaugh, Fox News television host Glenn Beck and Sarah Palin (who famously decried fruitfly research as a waste of public money), are also tapping an age-old US political impulse — a suspicion of elites and expertise.
Denialism over global warming has become a scientific cause célèbre within the movement. Limbaugh, for instance, who has told his listeners that “science has become a home for displaced socialists and communists”, has called climate-change science “the biggest scam in the history of the world”. The Tea Party’s leanings encompass religious opposition to Darwinian evolution and to stem-cell and embryo research — which Beck has equated with eugenics. The movement is also averse to science-based regulation, which it sees as an excuse for intrusive government. Under the administration of George W. Bush, science in policy had already taken knocks from both neglect and ideology. Yet President Barack Obama’s promise to “restore science to its rightful place” seems to have linked science to liberal politics, making it even more of a target of the right.
US citizens face economic problems that are all too real, and the country’s future crucially depends on education, science and technology as it faces increasing competition from China and other emerging science powers. Last month’s recall of hundreds of millions of US eggs because of the risk of salmonella poisoning, and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, are timely reminders of why the US government needs to serve the people better by developing and enforcing improved science-based regulations. Yet the public often buys into anti-science, anti-regulation agendas that are orchestrated by business interests and their sponsored think tanks and front groups.
In the current poisoned political atmosphere, the defenders of science have few easy remedies. Reassuringly, polls continue to show that the overwhelming majority of the US public sees science as a force for good, and the anti-science rumblings may be ephemeral. As educators, scientists should redouble their efforts to promote rationalism, scholarship and critical thought among the young, and engage with both the media and politicians to help illuminate the pressing science-based issues of our time.
>Nova York encontra mais restos mortais de vítimas do 11 de Setembro (G1)
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Fragmentos estavam em área que vinha sendo rastreada desde abril. Trinta e sete deles estavam sob a West Street, próximo às antigas torres
24/06/2010 | 08:22 | G1/Globo.com
Momento do colapso de uma das torres gêmeas. Foto da polícia de Nova Iorque (NYPD).
Autoridades municipais de Nova York afirmaram que uma nova busca nos destroços no local do World Trade Center e nos arredores achou 72 restos mortais humanos, que seriam de vítimas dos atentados do 11 de setembro.
O rastreamento começou em abril, em uma área de 700 metros cúbicos no chamado Marco Zero, e terminou na sexta-feira passada.
Trinta e sete dos fragmentos estavam sob a West Street, que passava ao lado das Torres Gêmeas. Eles só foram achados agora porque uma obra tornou o local acessível.
A cidade começou as novas buscas em 2006, e 1.845 cadáveres foram achados.
As autoridades disseram que muitos corpos estão em bom estado de conservação, o que permitirá que eles sejam submetidos a exames de DNA para que sejam reconhecidos.
Até janeiro de 2010, o instituto médico legal havia recuperado 21.744 restos humanos dos destroços, 12.768 dos quais foram identificados.
No mesmo período, foram identificadas 1.626 vítimas, ou 59% das 2.752 que teriam morrido nos ataques.
>UN climate experts ‘overstated dangers’: Keep your noses out of politics, scientists told (Mail Online)
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By Fiona Macrae
Mail Online – 31st August 2010
UN climate change experts have been accused of making ‘imprecise and vague’ statements and over-egging the evidence.
A scathing report into the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change called for it to avoid politics and stick instead to predictions based on solid science.
The probe, by representatives of the Royal Society and foreign scientific academies, took a thinly-veiled swipe at Rajendra Pachauri, the panel’s chairman for the past eight years.
Exaggerated? Science academies say the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change relied on ‘vague’ predictions in making its reports
It recommended a new leader be appointed to bring a ‘fresh approach’ with the term of office cut from 12 years to six.
The IPCC is important because its reports are used by governments to set environmental policy.
The review, which focused on the day-to-day running of the panel, rather than its science, was commissioned after the UN body was accused of making glaring mistakes.
These included the claim that the Himalayan glaciers would vanish within 25 years – and that 55 per cent of the Netherlands was prone to flooding because it was below sea level.
An email scandal involving experts at the University of East Anglia had already fuelled fears that global warming was being exaggerated.
The report demanded a more rigorous conflict of interest policy and said executives should have formal qualifications.
It said: ‘Because the IPCC chair is both the leader and the face of the organisation, he or she must have strong credentials (including high professional standing in an area covered by IPCC assessments), international stature, a broad vision, strong leadership skills, considerable management experience at a senior level, and experience relevant to the assessment task.’
Dr Pachauri has a background in railway engineering rather than science and in recent months has been forced to deny profiting from his role at the IPCC.
When asked yesterday if he would consider resigning, he said he intended to continue working on the panel’s next report on climate change but would abide by any decision the IPCC made.
‘We’ve listened to and learnt from our critics,’ he said.
‘Now that the review has been carried out I believe I have a responsibility to help to implement the changes.
‘I see this as a mission that I cannot shirk or walk away from. It’s now up to the world’s governments to decide when they want to implement the recommendations and which ones they want to implement.’
Dr Benny Peiser, Director of The Global Warming Policy Foundation, said: ‘I interpret the review as an indirect call for Dr Pachauri to step down. That is what it says between the lines, whether or not he understands it.
‘It is clearly a very, very strong criticism of his management and of him personally.
‘The problem is that many in the international community regard him as damaged goods.’
The investigation said the IPCC’s mandate calls for it to be ‘policy relevant’ without ‘straying into advocacy’ which would hurt its credibility.
The scientists charged with writing the IPCC assessments were criticised for saying they were ‘highly confident’ about statements without having the evidence.
One of the summary documents prepared for government use ‘contains many such statements that are not supported sufficiently by the literature, not put into perspective or not expressed clearly’.
Achim Steiner, head of the UN’s environmental programme, said the review of the IPCC ‘re-affirms the integrity, the importance and validity of the IPCC’s work while recognising areas for improvement in a rapidly evolving field’.
MAN IN THE HOT SEAT
Arrogant? Dr Rajendra Pachauri
To his admirers, Rajendra Pachauri is a tireless champion of the perils of climate change. To his critics, he is flamboyant and arrogant.
The Indian-born mechanical engineer worked in the railway industry before entering academia.
He taught in the U.S. and then joined a think-tank promoting sustainable development. He became involved with the UN in the 1990s and was elected chairman of its IPCC climate panel in 2002.
The 70-year-old lives in an exclusive district of New Delhi and is said to enjoy a lavish personal lifestyle with a taste for expensive suits.
He has dismissed claims he profited from his links to green energy firms, saying he gave away all the money earned from directorships.
Despite having full use of an eco-friendly vehicle, he uses a chauffeur-driven car to make the one-mile journey to his office.
He raised eyebrows earlier this year with the publication of a raunchy novel about the life and times of an ageing environmentalist and former engineer.
And he made powerful enemies by refusing to apologise for the false claim that Himalayan glaciers would vanish in 25 years.
SCEPTIC CHANGES HIS MIND ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Bjorn Lomborg, author and political scientist
The world’s most high-profile climate change sceptic has changed his mind and now believes that global warming is ‘a challenge humanity must confront’.
The influential economist Bjorn Lomborg (pictured), who has been compared to Adolf Hitler by the UN’s climate chief, is calling for tens of billions of dollars to be invested into tackling climate change.
He described the current rise in temperatures as ‘undoubtedly one of the chief concerns facing the world today.’
Mr Lomborg proposes taxing people on their carbon emissions to pay for the research and improving green energy.
>Stricter controls urged for the UN’s climate body (BBC)
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By Paul Rincon Science reporter, BBC News
30 August 2010
Himalayan herdsman on glacier The IPCC came under fire after using the wrong date for Himalayan glacier melt
The UN’s climate science body needs stricter checks to prevent damage to the organisation’s credibility, an independent review has concluded.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has faced mounting pressure over errors in its last major assessment of climate science in 2007.
The review said guidelines were needed to ensure IPCC leaders were not seen as advocating specific climate policies.
It also urges transparency and suggests changes to the management of the body.
The IPCC has admitted it made a mistake in its 2007 assessment in asserting that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035. But it says this error did not change the broad picture of man-made climate change.
The review committee stressed that previous IPCC science assessments had been successful overall, but it said the body’s response to revelations of errors in its 2007 report had been “slow and inadequate”.
Critics have previously called on the IPCC’s chair, Dr Rajendra Pachauri, to resign. Responding to the report, Dr Pachauri said he wanted to stay to implement changes at the organisation.
He stressed that none of the reviews set up in the wake of recent climate controversies found flaws with the fundamental science of climate change.
In the past year, climate science and political negotiations aimed at dealing with global warming, such as the Copenhagen summit, have come under unprecedented scrutiny.
In February, the UN panel suggested setting up an independent review, feeling that its 20-year-old rules might need an overhaul. It was overseen by the Inter-Academy Council (IAC), an international umbrella body for science academies.
There was also a sense the UN body might have been ill-equipped to handle the attention in the wake of “Glaciergate” and the release of e-mails hacked from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and the the University of East Anglia, UK.
The e-mails issue came to light in November last year, when hundreds of messages between CRU scientists and their peers around the world were posted on the internet, along with other documents.
Critics said the e-mail exchanges revealed an attempt by the researchers to manipulate data and three independent reviews were initiated into the affair.
This review of the IPCC’s workings was released at a news conference in New York on Monday. Among the committee’s recommendations was that the UN body should appoint an executive director to handle day-to-day operations and speak on behalf of the panel.
It also said the current limit of two six-year terms for the chair of the organisation was too long.
The report favoured the post of IPCC chair and that of the executive director being limited to the term of one climate science assessment.
Dr Pachauri became head of the organisation in 2002 and was re-elected for his second term in 2008.
A conflict of interest charge has also been levelled at Dr Pachauri over his business interests. The IPCC chair has vigorously defended himself over these charges, but the report said the UN organisation needed a robust conflict of interest policy.
Speaking in New York, Harold Shapiro, who led the IAC review, said that although the IPCC’s assessment process had “served society well”, fundamental changes would help the IPCC continue to perform successfully under a “public microscope”.
Dr Shapiro conceded that controversy over errors in climate science assessments had dented the credibility of the process.
‘Slow’ response
The IAC report concentrates on review processes at the UN body, including the use of non-peer reviewed sources, and quality control on data.
It said the IPCC should establish an executive committee that could include individuals from outside the climate science community in order to enhance credibility and independence.
The IAC committee said processes used by the UN panel to review material in its assessment reports were thorough.
Continue reading the main story
But it said procedures needed tightening to minimise errors. And the IAC urged editors to ensure genuine controversies were reflected and alternative views were accounted for.
Speaking to the BBC, Dr Benny Peiser, director of the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a “sceptical” climate think-tank, welcomed the recommendations, but added: “We really want the IPCC to accept these recommendations and implement them not in 2015, but now. Otherwise, their next report will not be credible.”
Mike Hulme, professor of climate science at the University of East Anglia, called the reforms radical and far-reaching.
“If the recommendations are fully implemented, the way the IPCC reports and communicates its findings will be very different in future,” he told the BBC.
The IAC says part of the IPCC 2007 report contained statements that were based on little evidence, and urges IPCC authors to make future projections only when there is sufficient support for them.
The use by the IPCC of so-called “grey literature” – that which has not been peer-reviewed or published in scientific journals – has sparked controversy, partly because this type of material was behind the glacier error.
The committee said such literature was often appropriate for inclusion in the IPCC’s assessment reports. But it said authors needed to follow the IPCC’s guidelines more closely and that the guidelines themselves were too vague.
The report’s recommendations are likely to be considered at the IPCC’s next plenary meeting in South Korea in October.
Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk
Review’s terms of reference
* Analyse the IPCC process, including links with other UN agencies
* Review the use of non-peer reviewed sources, and quality control on data
* Assess how procedures handle “the full range of scientific views”
* Review how the IPCC communicates with the public and the media
Analysis
Roger Harrabin Environment analyst
The Inter-Academy Council (IAC) is actually complimentary about much of the IPCC’s work, praising it for creating a “remarkable international conversation on climate research both among scientists and policymakers”.
When you see this sort of accolade you remember what an extraordinary and unprecedented intellectual venture the IPCC represents.
But in many ways the IAC report looks like more of a triumph for those “outsider” critics sometimes seen as enemies by “insider” climate scientists.
This is because the IAC has accepted many of what the outsider critics have said about the way official climate science is governed.
And when you see those criticisms spelled out in the way the IAC has done, you might wonder why the IPCC has not been more able to reform itself.
>Review Finds Flaws in U.N. Climate Panel Structure (N.Y. Times)
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Review Finds Flaws in U.N. Climate Panel Structure
By NEIL MacFARQUHAR
August 30, 2010
UNITED NATIONS — The United Nations needs to revise the way it manages its assessments of climate change, with the scientists involved more open to alternative views, more transparent about possible conflicts of interest and more careful to avoid making policy prescriptions, an independent review panel said Monday.
A review has been interpreted as hinting that Rajendra K. Pachauri, chairman of a climate change panel, step down. Attila Kisbenedek/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
The review panel also recommended that the senior officials involved in producing the periodic assessments serve in their voluntary positions for only one report — a statement interpreted to suggest that the current chairman of the climate panel, Rajendra K. Pachauri, step down.
Ban Ki-moon, the secretary general of the United Nations, has been struggling to make the United Nations the main stage for addressing climate change. Errors in the 2007 assessment report, including a prediction that the Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035, have threatened to overshadow the United Nations’ message that climate change is a significant threat requiring urgent collective action.
“I think the errors made did dent the credibility of the process,” said Harold T. Shapiro, a former president of Princeton University and professor of economic and public affairs there. Being more open about the process will help the report withstand the public scrutiny it now endures, Mr. Shapiro, the chairman of the review committee, told a news conference.
Although there is widespread scientific consensus that human activity is heating the planet, critics used the mistakes — which emerged at the same time as the unauthorized release of hundreds of e-mails from a climate research center in Britain — to question all the science involved. The e-mails opened prominent climate scientists to charges that they had manipulated some data. Numerous investigations have largely cleared the scientists.
The review committee, which did not evaluate the scientific conclusions made by the United Nations panel, said the way the panel went about its work was “successful over all.”
The review committee’s major recommendation is that, after nearly 20 years of periodic reports produced by scientists volunteering their time, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change should become a more professional organization, paying salaries to its top management. The panel shared the Nobel Peace Prize with former Vice President Al Gore in 2007.
The committee noted that some climate panel leaders had been criticized for public statements perceived as advocating specific policies. “Straying into advocacy can only hurt I.P.C.C.’s credibility,” the report said.
It also suggested that the panel revise the way it rates doubts about some of the science, that the process of choosing the scientists who write the report be more open and that the panel require that any possible conflicts of interest be revealed.
Mr. Pachauri himself has been accused by two British newspapers of profiting from his position by accepting large consulting fees. An independent assessment by KPMG auditors released this month showed that he had, as he claimed, turned over all such fees to a nonprofit organization he founded, the Energy and Resources Institute. The Sunday Telegraph has since apologized to him for the allegations.
The review committee suggested that the top eight officials involved in producing the assessments step down every eight years, hinting that Mr. Pachauri, who has served since 2002, should not direct the fifth assessment report, due in 2013-14.
Asked if he would resign, Mr. Pachauri said that he wanted to see through the reforms but that the ultimate decision lay with the member states. Representatives of the 194 such states that control the panel are scheduled to meet in South Korea in October.
Initial reaction from scientists to the review by the InterAcademy Council, a multinational organization of science academies, was positive. “These are solid recommendations that people would agree with,” said Andrew Weaver, a climatologist at the University of Victoria and longtime panel author.
In the review process for the 2007 report, some 90,000 comments were submitted. The overwhelming number contributed to the fact that a scientist’s offhand remark in an interview about the Himalayan glaciers made it into the final report, Mr. Shapiro said.
Hans von Storch, a climate researcher at the Institute of Meteorology at the University of Hamburg and a frequent critic of the climate panel who has called on Mr. Pachauri to resign, said past mistakes tended to dramatize the effects of climate change.
Carrying out the recommendations would make the climate panel much less aloof and help the climate change debate, Dr. von Storch said. He added, “I am pretty optimistic that all this will lead to a much more rational and cooled-down exchange.”
>Comitê propõe mudanças fundamentais no funcionamento do IPCC (FAPESP)
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Especiais
31/8/2010
Entre as conclusões da análise sobre o Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas estão que o IPCC precisa reformar sua estrutura gerencial, fortalecer procedimentos, ser mais transparente e destacar a base científica e até mesmo as discordâncias em seus relatórios (foto: Nasa)
Agência FAPESP – Os processos empregados pelo Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) para produzir seus relatórios periódicos têm sido, de modo geral, bem sucedidos. Entretanto, o IPCC precisa reformar fundamentalmente sua estrutura gerencial e fortalecer seus procedimentos, para que possa lidar com avaliações climáticas cada vez mais complexas, bem como com uma intensa demanda pública a respeito dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas globais.
A conclusão é de um comitê independente de especialistas reunido pelo InterAcademy Council (IAC), organização que reúne academias de ciências de diversos países, e está em relatório entregue nesta segunda-feira (30/8), na sede da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), em Nova York, ao secretário-geral da ONU, Ban Ki-moon, e ao presidente do conselho do IPCC, Rajendra Pachauri.
O relatório, intitulado Climate change assessments: review of the processes and procedures of the IPCC, foi produzido por 12 especialistas coordenados pelo economista Harold Shapiro, ex-reitor das universidades Princeton e de Michigan, nos Estados Unidos. Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz, diretor científico da FAPESP, integra o comitê indicado pela Academia Brasileira de Ciências (ABC), uma das academias de ciência que aprovaram o relatório.
“O comitê fez recomendações sobre a governança do IPCC, funções e limites dos mandatos de dirigentes do painel e enfatizou o debate e a valorização de ideias contraditórias. A análise feita trata de como lidar com as incertezas e recomenda cuidado com a avaliação de impactos”, disse Brito Cruz.
A revisão do IPCC foi solicitada pelas Nações Unidas. O comitê revisou os procedimentos empregados pelo painel na preparação de seus relatórios. Entre os assuntos analisados estão o controle e a qualidade dos dados utilizados e a forma como os relatórios lidaram com diferentes pontos de vista científicos.
“Operar sob o foco do microscópio do público da forma como o IPCC faz exige liderança firme, a participação contínua e entusiástica de cientistas destacados, capacidade de adaptação e um comprometimento com a transparência”, disse Shapiro.
O IPCC foi estabelecido em 1988 pela Organização Meteorológica Mundial e pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente com o objetivo de auxiliar na formulação de políticas públicas a partir da divulgação de relatórios sobre os aspectos científicos conhecidos sobre as mudanças climáticas, os impactos globais e regionais dessas mudanças e as alternativas de adaptação e mitigação.
Após a divulgação de seu primeiro relatório, em 1990, o IPCC passou a ganhar a atenção e o respeito do público, a ponto de ter sido premiado com o Nobel da Paz de 2007. No entanto, com a divulgação do relatório de 2007, o painel de especialistas passou a ser alvo de questionamentos a respeito de suas conclusões.
O crescente debate público sobre a acurácia dos relatórios levou a ONU a solicitar ao IAC uma revisão do IPCC e recomendações sobre como fortalecer os procedimentos e processos do painel para os próximos relatórios.
A análise do IAC faz diversas recomendações para que o IPCC melhore sua estrutura gerencial, entre as quais estabelecer um comitê executivo que atue em nome do painel e garanta a manutenção de sua capacidade de tomar decisões.
“Para aumentar sua credibilidade e a independência, esse comitê executivo deveria incluir especialistas externos, não ligados ao IPCC e nem mesmo à comunidade mundial dos cientistas climáticos”, disse Shapiro.
O IPCC também deveria ter um diretor executivo que liderasse o secretariado do painel. Esse diretor seria o responsável pelas operações diárias e falaria em nome do IPCC. Segundo a análise do IAC, o atual secretário do IPCC não tem os níveis de autonomia e responsabilidade equivalentes aos dos diretores executivos de outras organizações.
Os mandatos do presidente do conselho e do novo diretor executivo também deveriam ser menores do que os dos atuais coordenadores do IPCC, limitando-se ao período de produção e divulgação de cada relatório, de modo a manter a variedade de perspectivas e o frescor das abordagens em cada relatório – o mandato atual do presidente do conselho é de até 12 anos.
A análise do IAC também recomenda que o IPCC adote uma política rigorosa para evitar conflitos de interesse entre as lideranças do painel, autores, revisores e responsáveis pela publicação dos relatórios.
Para a produção de sua análise, o comitê de especialistas consultou não apenas o próprio IPCC, mas também pesquisadores de diversos países que participaram na produção dos relatórios, bem como cientistas que criticaram os procedimentos adotados pelo painel em suas conclusões.
O público em geral participou da avaliação, por meio de questionários publicados na internet. O comitê também realizou diversas reuniões, inclusive no Brasil, para chegar às suas considerações.
Abordagem de controvérsias
Como a análise do comitê de especialistas convocado pelo IAC foi solicitada em parte por problemas no mais recente relatório do IPCC, o comitê também examinou os processos de revisão adotados pelo painel.
A conclusão é que o processo é eficaz, mas o comitê sugere que os procedimentos de revisão empregados atualmente sejam fortalecidos de modo a minimizar o número de erros. Para isso, o IPCC deveria encorajar seus editores a exercer sua autoridade de modo que todas as conclusões fossem consideradas adequadamente.
Os editores também deveriam garantir que os relatórios abordem controvérsias genuínas e que a consideração devida seja dada a pontos de vista conflitantes e propriamente bem documentados. Os autores principais deveriam documentar explicitamente que a mais completa gama de abordagens científicas foi considerada.
O uso da chamada “literatura cinza” (de trabalhos científicos não publicados ou não revisados por pares) tem sido bastante discutido, mas a análise do IAC destaca que frequentemente tais fontes de dados e informações são relevantes e apropriadas para utilização nos relatórios do IPCC.
“O IPCC já tem uma norma sobre uso criterioso de fontes de informação sem revisão por pares. O relatório do comitê de revisão confirma que esse tipo de fonte pode ser usado, desde que sejam seguidas as normas estritas já existentes e que protegem a qualidade científica das conclusões”, disse Brito Cruz.
Os problemas ocorrem quando os autores não seguem as normas do painel para a avaliação de tais fontes ou porque tais normas são muito vagas. O comitê recomenda que as normas sejam revisadas de modo a se tornarem mais claras e específicas, principalmente na orientação de que dados do tipo sejam destacados nos relatórios.
O comitê também sugere que os três grupos de trabalho do IPCC sejam mais consistentes nos momentos de caracterizar as incertezas. No relatório de 2007, o comitê identificou que cada grupo usou uma variação diferente das normas do painel sobre incertezas e que as próprias normas não foram sempre seguidas.
O relatório do grupo de trabalho 2, por exemplo, continha conclusões consideradas como de “alta confiança”, mas para as quais havia pouca evidência. O comitê recomenda que os grupos de trabalho descrevam a quantidade de evidência disponível bem como as discordâncias entre os especialistas.
“O relatório do comitê sugere atenção para levar em consideração as diferentes opiniões baseadas em fatos com base científica e para considerar atentamente o uso da literatura científica revisada por pares em línguas que não a inglesa. A intenção é tornar o relatório o mais abrangente possível”, disse Brito Cruz.
A demora do IPCC em responder a críticas sobre as conclusões de seu relatório de 2007 faz da comunicação um assunto crítico para o painel, de acordo com o comitê de revisão.
Os 12 especialistas recomendam que o IPCC complete e implemente a estratégia de comunicação que está em desenvolvimento. Essa estratégia deve se pautar na transparência e incluir um plano de contingência para respostas rápidas e eficazes em momentos de crise.
Segundo o comitê, como o escrutínio intenso por parte dos responsáveis pela formação de políticas públicas, bem como do público em geral, deverá continuar, o IPCC precisa ser “o mais transparente possível no detalhamento de seus processos, particularmente nos seus critérios de seleção de participantes e no tipo de informação científica e técnica utilizado”, disse Shapiro.
O relatório do comitê do IAC e mais informações podem ser lidos em: http://reviewipcc.interacademycouncil.net.
Mais informações sobre o IPCC: http://www.ipcc.ch
>Islã: a tolerância denegrida pelo terror
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Após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001, a fé de 1,5 bilhão de pessoas vem sendo estigmatizada por conta das atrocidades de uma minoria.
Bruno Franco
Jornal da UFRJ, No. 55, julho-agosto 2010, pág. 26-27
Após os atentados terroristas ao edifício World Trade Center, símbolo do capitalismo, no coração de Nova Iorque, e ao Pentágono, sede do Departamento de Defesa dos Estados Unidos, o mundo entrou em uma nova era geopolítica – a guerra ao terror – capitaneada pelos norte-americanos, vítimas desses grandes atentados, que tiveram a maior repercussão na história. A agressão foi planejada, financiada e conduzida pela al-Qaeda, organização terrorista até então praticamente desconhecida, liderada pelo milionário saudita Osama bin Laden. Dezenove terroristas, 15 dos quais sauditas, sequestraram quatro aviões. Dois chocaram-se com as torres gêmeas do World Trade Center, um contra o Pentágono e o quarto caiu na Pensilvânia antes de atingir seu alvo, possivelmente o Capitólio, em Washington.
A reação dos EUA foi endossada pela ampla maioria da comunidade internacional, que apoiou a invasão do Afeganistão, país no qual o governo extremista Talibã abrigava e praticava treinamentos conjuntos com diversos grupos terroristas como a al-Qaeda e o Movimento Islâmico do Uzbequistão (MIU), que supostamente representa uma ameaça à estabilidade não apenas da república uzbeque como às demais nações da Ásia Central.
O 11 de setembro e o seu corolário, a guerra ao terror, não tiveram apenas conseqüências militares. Os check-ins dos aeroportos norte-americanos tornaram-se mais rigorosos para viajantes do mundo todo, sobretudo a revista aos passageiros muçulmanos, ou somente de aparência muçulmana. Nos EUA, até mesmo sikhs, confundidos com muçulmanos pelo uso do turbante, foram vítimas de agressões, e na Europa, nos países que contam com significativas minorias islâmicas, a animosidade cresceu.
Os injustificáveis atos de uma minoria extremista têm sido associados a um dos maiores grupos religiosos do planeta, reforçando preconceitos, estereótipos e fomentando discriminação e hostilidade, em uma espiral de irracionalidade na qual mídia e opinião pública nutrem-se mutuamente.
Mas a idéia de que o islamismo está associado à intolerância e à violência é contradita pelo próprio significado do Islã, uma palavra que deriva de salaam, ou seja, paz, no idioma árabe. Como explica Sami Isbelle, diretor pedagógico da Sociedade Beneficente Muçulmana do Rio de Janeiro (SBMRJ) e autor dos livros Islam: a sua crença e a sua prática e O Estado islâmico e a sua organização (ambos da editora Azaan), muçulmano é todo aquele que se submete voluntariamente à vontade de Deus e assim está em paz consigo mesmo, com a sociedade ao seu redor e com Deus. “A primeira palavra que o muçulmano diz pela manhã é salaam e a saudação entre muçulmanos é Assalamu Alaikum (Que a paz esteja sobre vós!), com a resposta Alaikum Assalam (E sobre vós a paz!). A paz é o que norteia esta religião, e não a guerra, o terrorismo”, ensina o pedagogo.
Inquisição e Cruzadas: o Ocidente esqueceu?
O estereótipo da intolerância islâmica frente às demais culturas é desmentido pela história, tal como ela é conhecida por qualquer ocidental. Durante oito séculos, parte do atual território espanhol (a Andaluzia) esteve sob domínio muçulmano. A liberdade de culto de judeus e cristãos foi preservada durante todo esse tempo, bem como foram respeitadas igrejas e sinagogas. A ocupação islâmica deixou um significativo legado na Arte, na Arquitetura, na Álgebra, na Geometria e na Química. “Quando os cristãos reconquistaram a região, não procederam da mesma forma, mas perseguiram todos os que professavam outras religiões, os convertiam à força ou os matavam e instauraram a Inquisição”, relembra Isbelle.
O mesmo se deu na Palestina, à época das Cruzadas, onde cristãos e judeus tinham garantida sua liberdade de culto e de construção de templos, embora o governo fosse islâmico. “Quando os cruzados chegaram, os historiadores, mesmos os cristãos, relatam os massacres que impuseram não apenas a muçulmanos e judeus, mas mesmo aos cristãos que não seguiam a fé católica, como os ortodoxos. Quando chegaram a al-Aqsa, o sangue derramado de suas vítimas batia nos joelhos de seus cavalos e não faziam distinção se eram idosos, mulheres ou crianças”, relata o diretor da SBMRJ.
O terrorismo não é justificado, nem aceito pelo clero muçulmano. Em sermão proferido em agosto de 2008, o principal líder religioso saudita, o mufti Abdulaziz bin Abdala al Sheikh, enfatizou que nem o Islã nem Alá apóiam o terrorismo e missões suicidas. “O terrorismo é um problema internacional […]. O dever do muçulmano é se opor a isso”, afirmou o xeque, na mesquita de Namira, local em que, segundo a crença, o profeta Maomé pronunciou seu último sermão.
Mídia como reprodutora de preconceitos
A concentração dos meios de comunicação nas mãos de poucos empresários faz com que as informações das grandes agências de notícias sejam reproduzidas quase literalmente por veículos do mundo todo. Essa é a visão de Isbelle, para quem a mídia passa uma mensagem subliminar. “Bate na mesma tecla e as pessoas desenvolvem aversão ao Islã e nem mesmo querem saber do que se trata. As primeiras coisas que lhes vêm à mente são terrorismo, Bin Laden, mulher oprimida. É isso o que a mídia veicula o tempo inteiro. Parece que há um objetivo de levar as pessoas à aversão completa ao Islã”, protesta o islamita.
O escritor adverte que um ato terrorista, quando realizado por um muçulmano, é sempre noticiado enfatizando-se a religião do criminoso. Mas, se o mesmo ato é feito por um não-muçulmano, a fé dessa pessoa não costuma ser mencionada: “Quando o Exército Republicano Irlandês (IRA) fazia algum atentado na Irlanda do Norte, não se falava em terrorismo católico. Agem como se o terrorismo fosse algo pregado pelo Islã. Hoje, somos mais de 1,5 bilhão de muçulmanos. Caso isso fosse algo pregado pela nossa religião, acho que já não existiria mais pedra sobre pedra. Não é?”.
Para Renzo Taddei, antropólogo e professor da Escola de Comunicação (ECO) da UFRJ, tal representação feita pela mídia ocorre em um contexto específico e mesmo durante a primeira guerra do Golfo não era forte “essa balela de choque de civilizações”. Segundo Taddei, essa teoria (proposta pelo cientista político norte-americano Samuel Huntington, pela qual as diferenças culturais seriam a causa maior de conflitos), do ponto de vista antropológico, é completamente equivocada. “Não existem no mundo representações estanques. Impossível pensar isso no contexto atual de integração de comunicações, de finanças, de mercado de trabalho. Tampouco existe uma única coisa chamada islamismo. Existe uma infinidade de variações do islamismo da mesma forma que acontece com o cristianismo. Não há como contrapor mundo ocidental e mundo islâmico, pois não são blocos monolíticos”, explica o professor.
O fundamentalismo, de acordo com Taddei, é um problema comum ao islamismo, ao cristianismo e ao judaísmo. “Um dos maiores problemas do Estado de Israel é com o fundamentalismo judaico, responsável pela morte do ex-primeiro-ministro Yitzhak Rabin. Todos os grupos culturais têm problemas com fundamentalistas. A questão é o porquê de a mídia tratar os fundamentalistas como se fossem bons representantes da comunidade muçulmana, coisa que nunca faria com fundamentalistas cristãos”, critica o professor.
Como exemplo desses dois pesos e duas medidas da mídia, Taddei relembra um caso ocorrido quando morava nos EUA: “Um artista africano fez uma exposição no Museu de Arte do Brooklyn e um de seus quadros, uma Ave-Maria, cuja composição tinha excrementos de elefante, causou grande comoção em Nova Iorque. A exposição foi cancelada quase que imediatamente”. Comoção semelhante despertou a publicação de 12 charges, chamadas de “As Faces de Maomé”, pelo jornal dinamarquês Jyllands-Posten. As caricaturas levaram a protestos de ministros árabes e a passeatas pelas ruas de Copenhague. “A história do artista africano é muito parecida, mas afetando a sensibilidade cristã, e ninguém menciona a semelhança”, compara o antropólogo.
“A imprensa sofre cronicamente a ditadura do espaço”, analisa Taddei, para quem “às vezes o jornalista tem de se esforçar para preencher o espaço do jornal, mas é mais comum que ocorra o contrário.” Nesse panorama, o antropólogo considera difícil que a mídia dê conta de questões culturais complexas, buscando assim o lugar-comum. “O estereótipo é uma coisa ruim do ponto de vista ideológico, mas é conveniente do ponto de vista operacional. É um mecanismo de concisão coletiva, por mais distorcido que seja, e todos são. Ele faz com que a comunicação funcione de maneira mais rápida e tomando menos tempo e menos espaço”, analisa o professor.
Isso explica por que a mídia faz uso de estereótipos, e como eles refletem o senso comum; os jornalistas nem sempre percebem que fazem uso deles. “Quando se apresenta uma situação de complexidade cultural, a coisa fica mais difícil. Desmontar o estereótipo requer esforço intelectual, tempo”, conclui Taddei.
Um dos mais frequentes estereótipos associados ao Islã é o da submissão da mulher. Isbelle rebate mais essa caricaturização com argumentos históricos. “O Islã garantiu à mulher o direito a escolher seu marido, a receber herança, a divorciar-se, a ter prazer sexual, a estudar (uma obrigação religiosa, na verdade), a trabalhar e receber o mesmo salário que o homem, no exercício da mesma função, e de dispor de seus bens sem interferência do pai ou marido. A sociedade ocidental somente conferiu alguns desses direitos às mulheres no século passado”, explica o escritor.
Jihad
Um conceito islâmico que é constantemente distorcido e entendido como algo ruim é o jihad. Essa palavra, quase sempre traduzida como guerra santa (harb al makadass), na realidade significa empenho. O Islã distingue o conceito em duas variantes. No livro Jihad (ed. Cosac & Naify), o jornalista Ahmed Rashid ensina que “o grande Jihad, na explicação do profeta Muhammad, é, em primeiro lugar, uma busca interior: implica o esforço de cada muçulmano para se tornar um ser humano melhor, a luta para melhorar a si mesmo”.
O jihad menor, por sua vez, é extremamente amplo. “É desde tirar uma pedra do caminho para outra pessoa não tropeçar, até conceder uma entrevista para esclarecer o que é o Islã”, explica Isbelle. Como reforça Rashid em seu livro, “em parte alguma dos escritos ou da tradição muçulmana o Jihad sanciona a matança de homens, mulheres ou crianças inocentes, muçulmanos ou não, com base em etnia, seita ou crença. É esse desvirtuamento do Jihad – como justificativa para massacrar inocentes – que em parte define o neofundamentalismo radical dos movimentos islâmicos mais extremistas da atualidade”.
O Islã permite ao muçulmano a autodefesa, mas não que inicie um combate, e caso o adversário cesse as hostilidades, o muçulmano deve fazer o mesmo. “O Corão antecipou em mais de 1.400 anos a Convenção de Genebra (que dispõe sobre o direito em conflitos armados) e muitos de seus artigos, na proibição de ataques a mananciais de água, a crianças, mulheres e idosos”, orgulha-se Isbelle.
>What cap? Dems’ climate word war
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By Darren Samuelsohn
Politico.com, Capitol News Company
July 18, 2010 07:12
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid played dumb last week when a reporter asked him if the energy and climate bill headed to the floor would come with a “cap” on greenhouse gas emissions.
“I don’t use that,” the Nevada Democrat replied. “Those words are not in my vocabulary. We’re going to work on pollution.”
Moments earlier, Reid had confirmed he was trying to craft legislation targeting the heat-trapping pollution that comes from power plants. But he’s determined to win the war of words when it comes to a carbon cap — and that means losing the lexicon attached to past climate battles.
Gone, in the Democrat’s mind, are the terms “cap” and “cap and trade,” which are synonymous with last June’s House-passed climate bill as well as other existing environmental policies for curbing traditional air pollutants. In their place are new slogans recommended by prominent pollsters (and even a neuroscientist) that Reid and allies hope they can use to overcome the long-shot prospects for passing climate legislation.
But they’ve got a difficult job ahead. Already, Republican-led attacks during the past year have crushed the Democrats in the message war over a very complex piece of legislation. GOP opponents have exploited public angst over record unemployment levels, higher taxes and the creation of a new carbon market that’s potentially worth trillions of dollars, a reminder for voters of the recent Wall Street collapse.
“There’s been a communication battle that’s been very much one-sided up to this point,” said Anthony Leiserowitz, director of the Yale Project on Climate Change and an expert on public opinion surrounding global warming science and policy.
In January, Leiserowitz published a study that found that fewer than a third of Americans had ever heard of the term “cap and trade” — not exactly fertile ground to be passing legislation with such a program at its core.
“That’s an enormous indictment of how little Democrats and environmental advocates, all of the stakeholders, how poorly they’d laid the groundwork among the public to actually get something done,” he said.
“And that left a giant vacuum in which opponents of legislation have been very quick … to call it ‘cap and tax’ and a ‘national energy tax.’”
Enter the rebranding strategy — a controversial overhaul that many Republicans still see as spin. Some Democrats remain dubious, too. Last week, Reid’s office brought in Drew Westen, an Emory University neuroscience professor, to explain the best messaging practices to about 30 Democratic Senate chiefs of staff and communications directors.
A Senate Democratic aide in the room said Westen covered a lot of ground, starting with a call to “get us out of acronym land, get us out of Senate-speak and [get] it down to regular terminology of what’s effective and what’s not.”
That means no longer referring to climate legislation by any one particular author, such as Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.) or Sen. Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.). It’s also about playing up the patriotism angle, including the prospect of losing out to the Chinese on development of clean energy technologies. And then Westen urged them to go for the political jugular by associating Democrats with new ideas for clean fuels while labeling GOP opponents as “trying to go backward with dirty fuels.”
“Being aspirational but also drawing clear contrasts,” the Senate Democratic staffer said.
In fact, climate bill advocates have been trying to implement ideas from Westen and other well-known wordsmiths over the past year.
Just before President Barack Obama’s State of the Union speech, Environmental Defense Fund President Fred Krupp and GOP pollster Frank Luntz, who had famously done work for climate change opponents during the George W. Bush administration, released a study showing that the best way to sell greenhouse gas legislation was by talking about national security and “energy independence,” while avoiding debate over the science of climate change.
Then there’s Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.), who worked from October 2009 until April 2010 in closed-door talks with Kerry and Lieberman on a climate bill and became arguably the issue’s best spokesman. Earlier this year, Graham declared “cap and trade economywide is dead,” even as Senate staff worked on a plan that placed the economy’s three biggest polluting sectors (power plants, manufacturers and transportation) into their own regulatory schemes.
Graham also has tried to appeal to climate bill opponents by arguing the measure isn’t about global warming. “There’s nowhere near 60 votes to save the polar bear,” he said last month.
While the South Carolina Republican remains on the sidelines when it comes to brass-tack negotiations before the floor, he told POLITICO last week that he still believes in the message.
“Controlling smokestack emissions as part of an energy independence, job creation plan has some resonance with me,” he said. “Cap and trade is associated with a solution to global warming. Again, carbon pollution is bad for people, bad for the environment. But you’re not going to turn the economy upside down based on that theory.”
Many Republicans said they aren’t buying the rhetorical shift, and they say they will pound away on the bill as a new tax increase if and when the legislation hits the floor.
“It’s cap and trade,” said New Hampshire Sen. Judd Gregg, one of a handful of Republicans Democrats still consider swing votes on the legislation. “If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, swims like a duck, it’s a duck.”
“That’s just an exercise in spin,” said Robert Dillon, a spokesman for Energy and Natural Resources Committee Chairman Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska). “The bottom line is, it’s legislation that will raise energy prices for Americans.”
“Why has Sen. Reid engaged in semantics in trying to change the wording, if not because he knows that raising energy prices in a time of economic woe is a nonstarter?” Dillon added.
Climate bill advocates look at the historical record and scratch their heads. They recall that free-market Republicans are the original source of the “cap-and-trade” concept, after they went looking for alternatives to the “command-and-control” system of the 1970s, when direct limits went on tailpipes and smokestacks.
President George H.W. Bush proposed and signed into law the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments that set up a cap-and-trade system to reduce acid rain. Climate critics of the second President Bush hounded him whenever he talked about the issue without bending in his opposition to mandatory caps. And Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) even embraced an economywide climate cap-and-trade bill to distinguish himself from the Bush administration.
“Cap and trade has certainly been demonized,” said Sen. Ben Cardin (D-Md.). “I think that’s unfortunate. … So we’ll just call it something different.”
Mark Mellman, a Washington-based Democratic pollster, said Republicans are misleading the public when they smack a “tax” label on a policy that forces companies, rather than individual citizens, to clean up their pollution.
“They’re stretching the meaning of these words so far that they have no meaning at all,” said Mellman, who has given more than a dozen briefings to House and Senate Democrats and their staffs on the lingo of climate change legislation. “And there’s a definition for that. It’s called the ‘big lie’ technique.”
Yet some advocates for climate legislation still concede that their messaging campaign isn’t working — especially not so late in the game.
“Rebranded strategies rarely work when people say, ‘I’m not going to use those words anymore,’” said an environmental advocate close to the debate. “They usually require a different, more subtle approach.”
“The problem with a rebranding strategy is, the other side has to go along, too. This is a mature, 10-year debate, and I don’t think you can change the paint job the day before the sale.
>Guarani é oficializado como segunda língua em município do Mato Grosso do Sul
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Culturas Indígenas
Heli Espíndola
Comunicação – Secretaria da Identidade e da Diversidade Cultural do Ministério da Cultura
O guarani é a segunda língua oficial do município de Tacuru, no Mato Grosso do Sul. O município é o segundo do país a adotar um idioma indígena como língua oficial, depois da sanção, pelo presidente da República, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, no dia 24 de maio, do Projeto de lei que oficializa a língua guarani em Tacuru. Com a nova lei, os serviços públicos básicos na área de saúde e as campanhas de prevenção de doenças neste município devem, a partir de agora, prestar informações em guarani e em português.
O primeiro município do Brasil a adotar idioma indígena como língua oficial, além do português, foi São Gabriel da Cachoeira, localizado no extremo norte do Amazonas. Além do português, São Gabriel tem três línguas indígenas oficiais: o Nheengatu, o Tukano e o Baniwa.
Em Tacuru, pequeno município no cone sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, próximo ao Paraguai formado por uma população de 9.554 habitantes, segundo estimativa do IBGE de 2009, 30% de seus habitantes são guarani residentes na aldeia de Jaguapiré, situada no município. A maioria dos 3.245 indígenas de Tacuru não é bilíngue, ou seja, fala somente o Guarani o que dificulta o acesso aos serviços públicos mais essenciais.
Com a nova lei, a Prefeitura de Tacuru se compromete a apoiar e a incentivar o ensino da língua guarani nas escolas e nos meios de comunicação do município. A lei estabelece também que nenhuma pessoa poderá ser discriminada em razão da língua oficial falada, devendo ser respeitada e valorizada as variedades da língua guarani, como o kaiowá, o ñandeva e o mbya.
O Ministério Público Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (MPF-MS) elogiou a aprovação da medida e argumentou que o Brasil é multiétnico e que o português não pode ser considerado a única língua utilizada no país. O MPF lembrou que o Brasil é signatário do Pacto Internacional dos Direitos Civis e Políticos, que determina que, nos Estados onde haja minorias étnicas ou linguísticas, pessoas pertencentes a esses grupos não poderão ser privadas de usar sua própria língua.
A Convenção nº 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) sobre os Povos Indígenas e Tribais determina, dentre outras coisas, que deverão ser adotadas medidas para garantir que os membros das minorias étnicas possam compreender e se fazer compreender em procedimentos legais, facilitando para eles, se for necessário, intérpretes ou outros meios eficazes.
Em Paranhos, também no Mato Grosso do Sul, tramita um projeto de lei semelhante ao aprovado em Tacuru, que propõe a oficialização do idioma guarani como segunda língua do município. Em Paranhos existem 4.250 indígenas guarani. Em todo o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul são 68.824 indígenas, divididos em 75 aldeias.
Para o secretário da Identidade e Diversidade Cultural/MinC, Américo Córdula, a oficialização da língua guarani em mais um município brasileiro vai de encontro à política cultural desenvolvida pelo Ministério da Cultura de proteção e proteção dos saberes tradicionais dos povos indígenas.
No mês de fevereiro (de 2 a 5), a SID/MinC realizou, juntamente com a Itaipu Binacional, o Encontro dos Povos Guarani da América do Sul – Aty Guasu Ñande Reko Resakã Yvy Rupa que reuniu cerca de 800 índios da etnia do Brasil, Bolívia, Paraguai e Argentina, em Diamante D”Oeste, no Paraná, para discutir formas de fortalecer o intercâmbio cultural entre as comunidades dos quatro países.
“Temos no Brasil uma comunidade de aproximadamente um milhão de indígenas, formada por 270 povos diferentes, falantes de mais de 180 línguas”, informa Córdula. Segundo ele, a população indígena brasileira é detentora de uma grande diversidade cultural, que deve ser protegida por seu caráter formador da nacionalidade brasileira. Com esse objetivo, a SID/MinC já realizou dois prêmios culturais (2006 e 2007) voltados para as comunidades tradicionais indígenas. Foram investidos R$ 3,6 milhões para a premiação de 182 projetos em todo o Brasil.
Este ano, no mês de março, foi criado o primeiro Colegiado de Culturas Indígenas, formado por 15 titulares e 15 suplentes representantes do segmento. No último dia 1º, foi eleito o conselheiro do Colegiado para o Plenário do Conselho Nacional de Políticas Culturais (CNPC).
Maria das Dores do Prado, da etnia Pankararu, foi escolhida para defender, junto ao CNPC, as políticas públicas voltadas para a valorização da cultura de todas as comunidades indígenas brasileiras. Um das reivindicações defendidas pelo segmento durante a Conferência Nacional de Cultural, realizada em março, quando se deu a eleição do Colegiado, é a manutenção de todas as línguas nativas.
>Blame: the hidden (and difficult) side of the climate change debate
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By Renzo Taddei (State University of Campinas, Brazil)
Anthropology News – November 2008
Between 1877 and 1879, Northeast Brazil was crippled by one of the region’s most historically significant droughts. Around half million people may have died due to drought-related famine and epidemic outbreaks. Many of the region’s Catholic-majority inhabitants believed the drought was a form of divine punishment for the moral corruption of society, an idea reinforced in an epistle issued by the local bishop. More than a century later, in January 2004, when I was carrying out fieldwork in the region, extremely intense rains flooded the region, displacing over 100 thousand people. During interviews, some of the impacted echoed earlier beliefs that the disaster was the result of divine punishment. This time they pointed to television headlines — animal cloning, NASA’s expedition to Mars, the war in Iraq, among other things – as causes for divine discontent. Humans were going beyond their proper sphere of action, they said.
This research called my attention to the role of blame in cultural models about climate. The main international debates on climate change focus almost exclusively on the phenomenon’s physical causes, while at the same time there is an enormous ethnographic literature that reveals “blame” to be integral to how societies deal with crises in general (and climate related ones in particular). This reveals a conceptual gap where anthropology can effectively make critical contributions.
Indeed, it seems that the association between climate events and supposed human misdeeds is culturally pervasive and enduring. Of course in some places these beliefs may not to be the dominant, but they tend to reappear as a strong paradigm in moments of crisis. For instance, Mary Douglas, in Risk and Blame, provides ample evidence that this way of dealing with crises is not restricted to tribal and traditional societies, but marks Western societies alike. If she is right (and I believe she is), it makes the topic of blame politically relevant to our analyses of societal reactions to climate events and uncertainties.
One example of how blame is associated with climate can be seen in the rejection of climate modeling in water management. As Steve Rayner and his collaborators demonstrated in California and as I witnessed in Brazil, water managers resist incorporating new technologies that increase uncertainty, even if in the aggregate there are gains in efficiency. As an illustration, imagine a situation where two individuals are in conflict for the water stored in a reservoir: both want the water, but they also want to keep a certain volume saved for future needs. If a climate forecast predicts high probability of heavy rains in the upcoming rainy season, they may use more water in the present, thus resolving the conflict. But since climate forecasts are probabilistic, due to the extreme complexity of the atmosphere, the hydrological models will also become probabilistic. In the long run, a forecast will fail resulting in a water crisis. The public and most politicians don’t see the inherent uncertainties of modeling, and in a situation of crisis, there is a general expectation that someone is accountable. Not unlike the search for divine causation, the inherent uncertainty of climate modeling may produce an atmosphere where blame is politically expedient (and water managers risk losing their jobs). This context means that it is extremely difficult to convince water managers to use climate-based technologies.
Understanding how blame is present in cultural models about climate, in climate politics, and in the local institutionalized ways of addressing crises is, from an anthropological perspective, necessary if the discipline is to make effective contributions to the international debate on climate change. While international debates discuss how much certainty we need to enable political action, a second, equally important question, is how much uncertainty our political systems can take before triggering blaming and scapegoating rituals. Similarly, if culturally embedded models frame the idea of climate change as a situation where nature is “punishing” humanity for its misdeeds – carbon emissions, pollution, destruction of forests, reduction of biodiversity, and the like -individuals may take this punishment as deserved, which may induce them to assume a posture of resignation and inaction. Naturally, this is a hypothesis to be tested ethnographically.
>Mudanças climáticas: "caça às bruxas" direcionada a cientistas na Virginia (EUA)
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An unwelcome ‘climate’ for scientists?
By Paul Guinnessy, Physics Today on May 11, 2010 6:34 PM
Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli, in a blatantly political move to help strengthen his support among the right wing for his bid to become the next governor, is causing uproar in the science community by investigating climate scientist and former University of Virginia professor Michael Mann.
Cuccinelli is accusing Mann of defrauding Virginia taxpayers by receiving research grants to study global temperatures. Mann, who is now based at the Pennsylvania State University, hasn’t worked in Virginia since 2005.
The subpoena, which currently isn’t attached to any lawsuit, requires the University of Virginia to provide Cuccinelli with thousands of documents and e-mails dating from 1999 to 2005 regarding Mann’s research. The accusation is tied to Mann and coworkers’ “hockey stick” graph that was included in a 2001 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. The graph displays annual global average temperatures by merging a wide variety of data sources that were used in some private e-mails made public when the University of East Anglia’s Climate Research Unit e-mail server got hacked.
Not answering the question
When Cuccinelli appeared on the Kojo Nnamdi Show on WAMU radio on Friday, he claimed the investigation was not into Mann’s academic work, but instead was “directed at the expenditure of dollars. Whether he does a good job, bad job or I don’t like the outcome—and I think everybody already knows his position on some of this is one that I question. But that is not what that’s about.”
However, the letter demanding materials gives a different impression. It asks, along with Mann’s correspondence with 39 other climate scientists, for “any and all computer algorithms, programs, source code, or the like created or edited by … Mann.”
This was emphasized when Cuccinelli spoke to the Washington Post, stating “in light of the Climategate e-mails, there does seem to at least be an argument to be made that a course was undertaken by some of the individuals involved, including potentially Michael Mann, where they were steering a course to reach a conclusion. Our act, frankly, just requires honesty.”
There hasn’t been an investigation by Virginia’s attorney general’s office into the funding of research grants of this nature before. Moreover, only one of the five grants under suspicion was funded by Virginia taxpayers through the university; the others were federal grants from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Science Foundation.
No backbone?
The University of Virginia was originally going to succumb to Cuccinelli’s request. In a statement released to the press last Thursday the university said it was “required by law to comply.”
Shortly afterward, the University of Virginia Faculty Senate Executive Council issued its own statement, which ends:
We maintain that peer review by the scientific community is the appropriate means by which to identify error in the generation, presentation and interpretation of scientific data. The Attorney General’s use of his power to issue a CID under the provisions of Virginia’s FATA is an inappropriate way to engage with the process of scientific inquiry. His action and the potential threat of legal prosecution of scientific endeavor that has satisfied peer-review standards send a chilling message to scientists engaged in basic research involving Earth’s climate and indeed to scholars in any discipline. Such actions directly threaten academic freedom and, thus, our ability to generate the knowledge upon which informed public policy relies.
This was shortly followed by a joint letter to the university from the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Association of University Professors asking the University of Virginia to follow procedures to appeal the subpoena.
The letters seem to have had some effect: The Washington Post reported that the university is now “considering” its options before the Friday deadline to appeal is up.
State Senator Donald McEachin issued a statement, in which he stated he will submit a bill so that in the future the attorney general cannot issue a subpoena without also issuing a lawsuit.
“This is not only ludicrous and frivolous, wasting more taxpayer dollars and trampling on academic freedom, but the Attorney General has deprived Mr. Mann of his constitutional rights,” said McEachin.
Part of a bigger trend
On Friday, although it was put together before Cuccinelli issued his subpoena, Science published a letter by 255 members of the National Academy of Sciences, decrying “political assaults” against climate scientists and “McCarthy-like threats of criminal prosecution” and spelling out again the basic facts of what we know about the changing climate.
The letter was triggered by veiled threats from Senator James Inhofe, a well-known climate-change denier, to criminally investigate scientists over their research, and the political response to the CRU e-mails.
According to Peter Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute, a research center in Oakland, California—who spoke with New York Times reporter Sindya N. Bhanoo—before the NAS members gave the letter to Science, the group had first submitted it to the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, and the Washington Post, all of whom declined to run it.
>Quando é melhor ter sotaque estrangeiro
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Accented teachers may be better for English language learners: study
By Valerie Strauss – The Answer Sheet
The Washington Post, May 5, 2010
A new study on how well students learn second languages from teachers with accents suggests that Arizona may be making a mistake by trying to remove heavily accented Hispanic teachers from classrooms filled with Hispanics trying to learn English.
School districts in Arizona are under orders from the state Department of Education to remove teachers who speak English with a very heavy accent (and/or whose speech is ungrammatical) from classrooms with students who are learning to speak English. Officials say they want students who don’t know much English to have teachers who can best model how to speak the language.
I wrote the other day about the difficulties in determining just how deep an accent has to be to be considered a problem, but here’s another side of the issue.
According to a new research study conducted in Israel, students learn a second language better from a teacher who speaks in the same accent as they do.
The study, published in the Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, said that students learning from a teacher with the same accent have an easier time understanding the material. They don’t have to spend time trying to understand the English in a different accent.
According to one of the report’s co-authors, Psychology Professor Zohar Eviatar, the concentration a student would have to summon to understand English in a different accent is considerably greater than if the student were a native English speaker.
In Arizona, that would mean that Hispanic kids studying English would learn better from teachers with Spanish accents.
The research, conducted at the University of Haifa, has implications not just for second language acquisition, but for how well students learn new subjects, Eviatar said.
The study was performed by researchers from different backgrounds. Dr. Raphiq Ibrahim is an Israeli Arab with an Arabic accent; Dr. Mark Leikin hails from the former Soviet Union and speaks with a Russian accent; Eviatar is a fluently bilingual Hebrew-English speaker. The team was both personally and professionally curious to know more about the accent effect.
Here’s how the study was done:
Sixty participants from ages 18 to 26 were chosen: Twenty were native Hebrew speakers, 20 were from the former Soviet Union, and 20 were Israeli Arabs who had started learning Hebrew at about seven years of age.
Researchers made recordings of Hebrew phrases where the last word was recorded with one of four different accents: Hebrew, Arabic, Russian or English. The students were then tested to see how long it took for them to recognize the Hebrew word in one of the four accents.
They found, according to the Innovation News Service, that the Hebrew speakers could decipher Hebrew words adequately regardless of the accent in which they were spoken, while the Russian and Arabic speakers needed more time to understand the Hebrew words presented in an accent foreign to their own.
The researchers feel that additional research is needed to determine just how much extra effort is involved in the attempt to process both an unfamiliar accent as well as new material.
The study suggests that English taught to Mexican students as a second language, for example, can be taught just as well by a Mexican teacher speaking English, as by a native American who’s been speaking English since birth.
“If you are an Arab, you would understand English better if taught by a native Arab English teacher,” Eviatar believes, adding, “This research isn’t even just about learning language but can be expanded to any topic like math or geography.
“If you have a Spanish accent and your teacher has a Chinese accent it will be much harder for you to concentrate on your studies,” Eviatar continues. “It’s best to learn from a teacher who teaches with a majority accent – the accent of the language being spoken, or an accent like your own. If not, it’s an added burden for the student.”
Someone should give this study to Arizona education officials.
>Living on Earth: Climate Confusion and the "Climategate"
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Air Date: March 5, 2010
http://www.loe.org
Link to the audio file.
“Climategate” has damaged the credentials of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and decades of science on global warming. But as scientists push back against efforts to dismiss the threat of global warming, some media watchers say journalists aren’t balancing their coverage of climate change with the scientifically-sound other side of the story – that the impacts of a warming world could be worse than the IPCC predicts. Host Jeff Young talks with media experts and scientists about the fallout of the hacked email scandal, and how to repair damage. (12:00)
>Climate scientists to fight back at skeptics (The Washington Times)
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By Stephen Dinan
The Washington Times – Friday, March 5, 2010
Undaunted by a rash of scandals over the science underpinning climate change, top climate researchers are plotting to respond with what one scientist involved said needs to be “an outlandishly aggressively partisan approach” to gut the credibility of skeptics.
In private e-mails obtained by The Washington Times, climate scientists at the National Academy of Sciences say they are tired of “being treated like political pawns” and need to fight back in kind. Their strategy includes forming a nonprofit group to organize researchers and use their donations to challenge critics by running a back-page ad in the New York Times.
“Most of our colleagues don’t seem to grasp that we’re not in a gentlepersons’ debate, we’re in a street fight against well-funded, merciless enemies who play by entirely different rules,” Paul R. Ehrlich, a Stanford University researcher, said in one of the e-mails.
Some scientists question the tactic and say they should focus instead on perfecting their science, but the researchers who are organizing the effort say the political battle is eroding confidence in their work.
“This was an outpouring of angry frustration on the part of normally very staid scientists who said, ‘God, can’t we have a civil dialogue here and discuss the truth without spinning everything,'” said Stephen H. Schneider, a Stanford professor and senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment who was part of the e-mail discussion but wants the scientists to take a slightly different approach.
The scientists have been under siege since late last year when e-mails leaked from a British climate research institute seemed to show top researchers talking about skewing data to push predetermined outcomes. Meanwhile, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the authoritative body on the matter, has suffered defections of members after it had to retract claims that Himalayan glaciers will melt over the next 25 years.
Last month, President Obama announced that he would create a U.S. agency to arbitrate research on climate change.
Sen. James M. Inhofe, Oklahoma Republican and a chief skeptic of global-warming claims, is considering asking the Justice Department to investigate whether climate scientists who receive taxpayer-funded grants falsified data. He lists 17 people he said have been key players in the controversy.
That news has enraged scientists. Mr. Schneider said Mr. Inhofe is showing “McCarthyesque” behavior in the mold of the Cold War-era senator who was accused of stifling political debate through accusations of communism.
In a phone interview, Mr. Schneider, who is one of the key players Mr. Inhofe cites, said he disagrees with trying to engage in an ad battle. He said the scientists will never be able to compete with energy companies.
“They’re not going to win short-term battles playing the game against big-monied interests because they can’t beat them,” he said.
He said the “social contract” between scientists and policymakers is broken and must be reforged, and he urged colleagues to try to recruit members of Congress to take up their case. He also said the press and nongovernmental organizations must be prodded.
“What I am trying to do is head off something that will be truly ugly,” he said. “I don’t want to see a repeat of McCarthyesque behavior and I’m already personally very dismayed by the horrible state of this topic, in which the political debate has almost no resemblance to the scientific debate.”
Not all climate scientists agree with forcing a political fight.
“Sounds like this group wants to step up the warfare, continue to circle the wagons, continue to appeal to their own authority, etc.,” said Judith A. Curry, a climate scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Surprising, since these strategies haven’t worked well for them at all so far.”
She said scientists should downplay their catastrophic predictions, which she said are premature, and instead shore up and defend their research. She said scientists and institutions that have been pushing for policy changes “need to push the disconnect button for now,” because it will be difficult to take action until public confidence in the science is restored.
“Hinging all of these policies on global climate change with its substantial element of uncertainty is unnecessary and is bad politics, not to mention having created a toxic environment for climate research,” she said.
Ms. Curry also said that more engagement between scientists and the public would help – something that the NAS researchers also proposed.
Paul G. Falkowski, a professor at Rutgers University who started the effort, said in the e-mails that he is seeking a $1,000 donation from as many as 50 scientists to pay for an ad to run in the New York Times. He said in one e-mail that commitments were already arriving.
The e-mail discussion began late last week and continued into this week.
Mr. Falkowski didn’t respond to an e-mail seeking comment, and an effort to reach Mr. Ehrlich was unsuccessful.
But one of those scientists forwarded The Times’ request to the National Academy of Sciences, whose e-mail system the scientists used as their forum to plan their effort.
An NAS spokesman sought to make clear that the organization itself is not involved in the effort.
“These scientists are elected members of the National Academy of Sciences, but the discussants themselves realized their efforts would require private support since the National Academy of Sciences never considered placing such an ad or creating a nonprofit group concerning these issues,” said William Kearney, chief spokesman for NAS.
The e-mails emerged months after another set of e-mails from a leading British climate research group seemed to show scientists shading data to try to bolster their claims, and are likely to feed the impression among skeptics that researchers are pursuing political goals as much as they are disseminating science.
George Woodwell, founder of the Woods Hole Research Center, said in one e-mail that researchers have been ceding too much ground. He blasted Pennsylvania State University for pursuing an academic investigation against professor Michael E. Mann, who wrote many of the e-mails leaked from the British climate research facility.
An initial investigation cleared Mr. Mann of falsifying data but referred one charge, that he “deviated from accepted practices within the academic community,” to a committee for a more complete review.
In his e-mail, Mr. Woodwell acknowledged that he is advocating taking “an outlandishly aggressively partisan approach” but said scientists have had their “classical reasonableness” turned against them.
“We are dealing with an opposition that is not going to yield to facts or appeals from people who hold themselves in high regard and think their assertions and data are obvious truths,” he wrote.
>Império por escrito
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Especiais
10/2/2010
Por Alex Sander Alcântara
Agência FAPESP – Qual é o papel da comunicação escrita nos séculos seguintes à invenção da imprensa (ocorrida por volta de 1440)? Essa é a principal questão abordada por O Império por escrito – Formas de transmissão da cultura letrada no mundo ibérico (séculos 16 a 19), organizado pelas historiadoras Leila Mezan Algranti e Ana Paula Megiani, que acaba de ser lançado.
Das leituras da vida na corte às gazetas manuscritas revolucionárias do século 18, do cotidiano na colônia desde o Descobrimento aos registros da Biblioteca Real, o livro mostra como a comunicação escrita foi fundamental para a administração e a manutenção do Império português.
De acordo com Leila, professora de história na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), a obra destaca o papel da escrita envolvendo os dois lados do Atlântico, não só nas relações entre Brasil e Portugal, mas também entre Portugal, Espanha e África.
“Nesse circuito de circulação de ideias, a escrita manuscrita teve um papel importante, apesar da presença crescente da imprensa, no período analisado, e dos impressos na cultura letrada. Isso se faz presente nas narrativas de viagens, cartas, nas correspondências régias, receitas e na poesia”, disse à Agência FAPESP.
Os ensaios são resultado do colóquio internacional “Escrita, Memória e Vida Material: formas de transmissão da cultura letrada no Império português”, realizado na Universidade de São Paulo (USP) em outubro de 2006, no âmbito do Projeto Temático “Dimensões do Império Português”, apoiado pela FAPESP e coordenado por Laura de Mello e Souza, do Departamento de História da Universidade de São Paulo (USP).
O Império por escrito, que também teve o apoio da FAPESP na modalidade Auxílio à Pesquisa – Publicações, é o segundo livro publicado dentro do Temático. O primeiro foi O governo dos povos, que aborda as relações de poder no mundo ibérico, e serão publicados outros dois.
Dividido em quatro partes, o foco do novo livro é a escrita e não a leitura propriamente dita. “Apesar de alguns ensaios abordarem a discussão dos livros e bibliotecas, principalmente na segunda parte da obra, a atenção maior é com a produção e circulação de escritos, manuscritos e impressos”, disse Leila.
A primeira parte do livro, Cultura letrada: vida de corte, instituições e poder, tem como unidade a dinâmica das relações de poder em ambientes letrados.
Segundo Leila, há muitos momentos na administração oficial em que a comunicação se torna extremamente importante. “Em termos de Portugal e Brasil, é evidente que sem a comunicação por escrito seria praticamente inviável administrar o Império. O livro mostra, em vários contextos, a importância da escrita na manutenção do Império”, disse.
“Além dos impressos, registros manuscritos de todo tipo (cartas, regulamentos, crônicas, gramáticas) desempenharam um papel fundamental na transmissão de ideias, valores, normas, costumes e saberes entre as metrópoles e suas colônias, bem como entre as diferentes possessões ultramarinas que integravam tais impérios coloniais”, destacam as organizadoras.
De acordo com a historiadora, ao se expandir, o Império português sentiu a necessidade de trocar informações com mais rapidez. “As ordens que até então eram feitas oralmente começaram a ser feitas por escrito. As normas regulavam não só a administração, mas também outras esferas, no âmbito político e jurídico, envolvendo queixas ou denúncias, por exemplo”, explicou.
É a partir desse momento, segundo Leila, que surgiram os arquivos, como o da Torre do Tombo, em Portugal. “Todo navio que chegava ao Brasil de Portugal, e vice-versa, trazia documentos. A manutenção do Império se deu a partir da troca de informações, grande parte com deliberações para os encarregados locais”, disse.
A segunda parte do livro, Suportes, circulação e colecionismo, reúne trabalhos que abordam conjuntos de escritos, impressos ou manuscritos, além de gravuras e mapas que circularam e foram objetos de coleções.
Um dos artigos, de Maria Aparecida de Menezes Borrego, pesquisadora na USP e no Temático, analisa a presença de livros impressos e manuscritos entre os bens materiais arrolados nos inventários de mercadores paulistas, no decorrer do século 18.
A partir da análise de inventários contidos no Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo, a autora conclui que a propriedade dos livros disseminou-se no período.
“Ainda que os proprietários de livros representassem uma parcela insignificante da população livre, é pouco satisfatório acreditar que somente os comerciantes focalizados nesta pesquisa fossem proprietários de livros, o que nos leva a especular sobre a presença de mais impressos nas casas de outros habitantes da capital”, destacou.
Cultura e salvação
A terceira parte, Traduções culturais e transmissões de saberes, aborda a questão de contatos e intercâmbios entre povos de culturas distintas, a partir da análise de manuscritos e impressos que circularam entre América e África.
No artigo Bebida dos deuses, por exemplo, Leila analisa técnicas de fabricação e utilidades do chocolate no império português. “A bebida feita com cacau pelos índios da América Espanhola não era mais o mesmo chocolate tomado na corte europeia nos séculos 17 e 18, por exemplo. É um saber que foi transformado. E tudo isso passa pela escrita”, disse a historiadora, que pesquisa sobre a história da alimentação.
A quarta e última parte do livro, Usos da escrita e formas de contestação política, enfoca o estudo da circulação de informações e ideias consideradas sediciosas, heréticas ou libertinas no império luso-brasileiro, a partir de vários tipos de manuscritos e impressos.
No capítulo Do destino das almas dos índios, por exemplo, Evergton Sales Souza, professor adjunto na Universidade Federal da Bahia, comenta as mudanças no paradigma da teologia portuguesa entre o século 17 e o 18, a partir de visões antagônicas sobre a salvação dos gentios expostas nas textos do jesuíta Simão de Vasconcellos e do padre Antônio Pereira de Figueiredo.
“Os textos da quarta parte abordam, ainda, a questão da produção, divulgação e recepção de notícias, bem como de proposições políticas contra a administração portuguesa na América”, contam as organizadoras.
Título: O Império por escrito: Formas de transmissão da cultura letrada no mundo ibérico – séculos 16 a 19
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>Signs of Damage to Public Trust in Climate Findings (N. Y. Times/Dot Earth blog)
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By ANDREW C. REVKIN
February 5, 2010, 4:27 pm
CBS News has run a report summarizing fallout from the illegal distribution of climate scientists’ email messages and files and problems with the 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The conclusion is that missteps and mistakes are creating broader credibility problems for climate science.
Senator James M. Inhofe was quick to add the report to the YouTube channel of the minority on the Environment and Public Works committee:
Ralph J. Cicerone, the president of the National Academy of Sciences, has an editorial in this week’s edition of the journal Science (subscription only) noting the same issue. Over all, he wrote, “My reading of the vast scientific literature on climate change is that our understanding is undiminished by this incident; but it has raised concern about the standards of science and has damaged public trust in what scientists do.”
Dr. Cicerone, an atmospheric scientist, added that polls and input he has received from various sources indicate that “public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses and ideas and that scientists will withhold data and try to manipulate some aspects of peer review to prevent dissent. This view reflects the fragile nature of trust between science and society, demonstrating that the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole.” (A BBC report on its latest survey on climate views supports Dr. Cicerone’s impression.)
What should scientists do? Dr. Cicerone acknowledged both the importance of improving transparency and the challenges in doing so:
“It is essential that the scientific community work urgently to make standards for analyzing, reporting, providing access to, and stewardship of research data operational, while also establishing when requests for data amount to harassment or are otherwise unreasonable. A major challenge is that acceptable and optimal standards will vary among scientific disciplines because of proprietary, privacy, national security and cost limitations. Failure to make research data and related information accessible not only impedes science, it also breeds conflicts.”
As recently as last week, senior members of the intergovernmental climate panel had told me that some colleagues did not see the need for changes in practices and were convinced that the recent flareup over errors in the 2007 report was a fleeting inconvenience. I wonder if they still feel that way.
UPDATE: Here’s some additional reading on the I.P.C.C’s travails and possible next steps for the climate panel:
IPCC Flooded by Criticism, by Quirin Schiermeier in Nature News.
Anatomy of I.P.C.C.’s Mistake on Himalayan Glaciers and Year 2035, by Bidisha Banerjee and George Collins in the Yale Forum on Climate Change and the Media.
After Emergence of Climate Files, an Uncertain Forecast
By ANDREW C. REVKIN
December 1, 2009, 10:56 am
Roger A. Pielke Jr. is a political scientist at the University of Colorado who has long focused on climate and disasters and the interface of climate science and policy. He has been among those seeking some clarity on temperature data compiled by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, which is now at the center of a storm over thousands of e-mail messages and documents either liberated or stolen from its servers (depending on who is describing the episode). [UPDATED 11:45 a.m. with a couple more useful voices “below the fold.”]
On Monday, I asked him, in essence, if the shape of the 20th-century temperature curve were to shift much as a result of some of the issues that have come up in the disclosed e-mail messages and files, would that erode confidence in the keystone climate question (the high confidence expressed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007 that most warming since 1950 is driven by human activities)?
This is Dr. Pielke’s answer. (I added boldface to the take-home points.):
Here is my take, in a logical ordering, from the perspective of an informed observer:
The circumstances:
1. There are many adjustments made to the raw data to account for biases and other factors.
2. Some part of the overall warming trend is as a result of these adjustments.
3. There are legitimately different ways to do the adjusting. Consider that in the e-mails, [Phil] Jones writes that he thinks [James] Hansen’s approach to urban effects is no good. There are also debates over how to handle ocean temperatures from buckets versus intake valves on ships and so on. And some of the procedures for adjusting are currently contested in the scientific literature.
4. Presumably once the data is readily available how these legitimate scientific choices are made about the adjusting would be open to scrutiny and debate.
5. People will then be much more able to cherry pick adjustment procedures to maximize or minimize the historical trends, but also to clearly see how others make decisions about adjustments.
6. Mostly this matters for pre-1979, as the R.S.S. and U.A.H. satellite records provide some degree of independent checking.
Now the implications:
A. If it turns out that the choices made by CRU, GISS, NOAA fall on the “maximize historical trends” end of the scale, that will not help their perceived credibility for obvious reasons. On the other hand, if their choices lead to the middle of the range or even low end, then this will enhance their credibility.
B. The surface temps matter because they are a key basis for estimates of climate sensitivity in the models used to make projections. So people will fight over small differences, even if everyone accepts a significant warming trend. (This is a key point for understanding why people will fight over small differences.)
C. When there are legitimate debates over procedures in science (i.e., competing certainties from different scientists), then this will help the rest of us to understand that there are irreducible uncertainties across climate science.
D. In the end, I would hypothesize that the result of the freeing of data and code will necessarily lead to a more robust understanding of scientific uncertainties, which may have the perverse effect of making the future less clear, i.e., because it will result in larger error bars around observed temperature trends which will carry through into the projections.
E. This would have the greatest implications for those who have staked a position on knowing the climate future with certainty — so on both sides, those arguing doom and those arguing, “Don’t worry be happy.”
So, in the end, Dr. Pielke appears to say, closer scrutiny of the surface-temperature data could undermine definitive statements of all kinds — that human-driven warming is an unfolding catastrophe or something concocted. More uncertainty wouldn’t produce a climate comfort zone, given that poorly understood phenomena can sometimes cause big problems. But it would surely make humanity’s energy and climate choices that much tougher.
[UPDATE, 11:45 a.m.] Andrew Freedman at the Capital Weather Gang blog has interviewed Gerald North, the climate scientist who headed the National Academies panel that examined the tree-ring data and “hockey stick” graphs. Some excerpts:
On whether the emails and files undermine Dr. North’s confidence in human-driven climate change:
This hypothesis (Anthropogenic GW) fits in the climate science paradigm that 1) Data can be collected and assembled in ways that are sensible. 2) These data can be used to test and or recalibrate climate simulation models. 3) These same models can be used to predict future and past climates. It is understood that this is a complicated goal to reach with any precision. The models are not yet perfect, but there is no reason to think the approach is wrong.
On Stephen McIntyre of Climateaudit.org:
I do think he has had an overall positive effect. He has made us re-examine the basis for our assertions. In my opinion this sorts itself out in the due course of the scientific process, but perhaps he has made a community of science not used to scrutiny take a second look from time to time. But I am not sure he has ever uncovered anything that has turned out to be significant.
Also, please note below that Michael Schlesinger at the University of Illinois sent in a response to sharp criticisms of his Dot Earth contribution from Roger Pielke, Sr., at the University of Colorado, Boulder. (Apologies for Colorado State affiliation earlier; he’s moved.)
>The End of the Story: How capitalism killed narrative, and how to grow new ones
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http://dotsub.com/media/9c4b09d7-af56-4d3c-97d8-5187cc0122ab/e/m
Douglas Rushkoff, “The end of mass everything – DIY Days” event, Philadelphia, 2009
>AP: Bin Laden blasts US for climate change
>
By SALAH NASRAWI
The Associated Press
Friday, January 29, 2010; 7:46 AM
CAIRO — Al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden has called for the world to boycott American goods and the U.S. dollar, blaming the United States and other industrialized countries for global warming, according to a new audiotape released Friday.
In the tape, broadcast in part on Al-Jazeera television, bin Laden warned of the dangers of climate change and says that the way to stop it is to bring “the wheels of the American economy” to a halt.
He blamed Western industrialized nations for hunger, desertification and floods across the globe, and called for “drastic solutions” to global warming, and “not solutions that partially reduce the effect of climate change.”
Bin Laden has mentioned climate change and global warning in past messages, but the latest tape was his first dedicated to the topic. The speech, which included almost no religious rhetoric, could be an attempt by the terror leader to give his message an appeal beyond Islamic militants.
The al-Qaida leader also targeted the U.S. economy in the recording, calling for a boycott of American products and an end to the dollar’s domination as a world currency.
“We should stop dealings with the dollar and get rid of it as soon as possible,” he said. “I know that this has great consequences and grave ramifications, but it is the only means to liberate humanity from slavery and dependence on America.”
He argued that such steps would also hamper Washington’s war efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq.
The new message, whose authenticity could not immediately be confirmed, comes after a bin Laden tape released last week in which he endorsed a failed attempt to blow up an American airliner on Christmas Day.
>Rebecca Solnit: When the Media Is the Disaster – Covering Haiti
>
When the Media Is the Disaster
Covering Haiti
By Rebecca Solnit
Soon after almost every disaster the crimes begin: ruthless, selfish, indifferent to human suffering, and generating far more suffering. The perpetrators go unpunished and live to commit further crimes against humanity. They care less for human life than for property. They act without regard for consequences.
I’m talking, of course, about those members of the mass media whose misrepresentation of what goes on in disaster often abets and justifies a second wave of disaster. I’m talking about the treatment of sufferers as criminals, both on the ground and in the news, and the endorsement of a shift of resources from rescue to property patrol. They still have blood on their hands from Hurricane Katrina, and they are staining themselves anew in Haiti.
Within days of the Haitian earthquake, for example, the Los Angeles Times ran a series of photographs with captions that kept deploying the word “looting.” One was of a man lying face down on the ground with this caption: “A Haitian police officer ties up a suspected looter who was carrying a bag of evaporated milk.” The man’s sweaty face looks up at the camera, beseeching, anguished.
Another photo was labeled: “Looting continued in Haiti on the third day after the earthquake, although there were more police in downtown Port-au-Prince.” It showed a somber crowd wandering amid shattered piles of concrete in a landscape where, visibly, there could be little worth taking anyway.
A third image was captioned: “A looter makes off with rolls of fabric from an earthquake-wrecked store.” Yet another: “The body of a police officer lies in a Port-au-Prince street. He was accidentally shot by fellow police who mistook him for a looter.”
People were then still trapped alive in the rubble. A translator for Australian TV dug out a toddler who’d survived 68 hours without food or water, orphaned but claimed by an uncle who had lost his pregnant wife. Others were hideously wounded and awaiting medical attention that wasn’t arriving. Hundreds of thousands, maybe millions, needed, and still need, water, food, shelter, and first aid. The media in disaster bifurcates. Some step out of their usual “objective” roles to respond with kindness and practical aid. Others bring out the arsenal of clichés and pernicious myths and begin to assault the survivors all over again.
The “looter” in the first photo might well have been taking that milk to starving children and babies, but for the news media that wasn’t the most urgent problem. The “looter” stooped under the weight of two big bolts of fabric might well have been bringing it to now homeless people trying to shelter from a fierce tropical sun under improvised tents.
The pictures do convey desperation, but they don’t convey crime. Except perhaps for that shooting of a fellow police officer — his colleagues were so focused on property that they were reckless when it came to human life, and a man died for no good reason in a landscape already saturated with death.
In recent days, there have been scattered accounts of confrontations involving weapons, and these may be a different matter. But the man with the powdered milk? Is he really a criminal? There may be more to know, but with what I’ve seen I’m not convinced.
What Would You Do?
Imagine, reader, that your city is shattered by a disaster. Your home no longer exists, and you spent what cash was in your pockets days ago. Your credit cards are meaningless because there is no longer any power to run credit-card charges. Actually, there are no longer any storekeepers, any banks, any commerce, or much of anything to buy. The economy has ceased to exist.
By day three, you’re pretty hungry and the water you grabbed on your way out of your house is gone. The thirst is far worse than the hunger. You can go for many days without food, but not water. And in the improvised encampment you settle in, there is an old man near you who seems on the edge of death. He no longer responds when you try to reassure him that this ordeal will surely end. Toddlers are now crying constantly, and their mothers infinitely stressed and distressed.
So you go out to see if any relief organization has finally arrived to distribute anything, only to realize that there are a million others like you stranded with nothing, and there isn’t likely to be anywhere near enough aid anytime soon. The guy with the corner store has already given away all his goods to the neighbors. That supply’s long gone by now. No wonder, when you see the chain pharmacy with the shattered windows or the supermarket, you don’t think twice before grabbing a box of PowerBars and a few gallons of water that might keep you alive and help you save a few lives as well.
The old man might not die, the babies might stop their squalling, and the mothers might lose that look on their faces. Other people are calmly wandering in and helping themselves, too. Maybe they’re people like you, and that gallon of milk the fellow near you has taken is going to spoil soon anyway. You haven’t shoplifted since you were 14, and you have plenty of money to your name. But it doesn’t mean anything now.
If you grab that stuff are you a criminal? Should you end up lying in the dirt on your stomach with a cop tying your hands behind your back? Should you end up labeled a looter in the international media? Should you be shot down in the street, since the overreaction in disaster, almost any disaster, often includes the imposition of the death penalty without benefit of trial for suspected minor property crimes?
Or are you a rescuer? Is the survival of disaster victims more important than the preservation of everyday property relations? Is that chain pharmacy more vulnerable, more a victim, more in need of help from the National Guard than you are, or those crying kids, or the thousands still trapped in buildings and soon to die?
It’s pretty obvious what my answers to these questions are, but it isn’t obvious to the mass media. And in disaster after disaster, at least since the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, those in power, those with guns and the force of law behind them, are too often more concerned for property than human life. In an emergency, people can, and do, die from those priorities. Or they get gunned down for minor thefts or imagined thefts. The media not only endorses such outcomes, but regularly, repeatedly, helps prepare the way for, and then eggs on, such a reaction.
If Words Could Kill
We need to banish the word “looting” from the English language. It incites madness and obscures realities.
“Loot,” the noun and the verb, is a word of Hindi origin meaning the spoils of war or other goods seized roughly. As historian Peter Linebaugh points out, “At one time loot was the soldier’s pay.” It entered the English language as a good deal of loot from India entered the English economy, both in soldiers’ pockets and as imperial seizures.
After years of interviewing survivors of disasters, and reading first-hand accounts and sociological studies from such disasters as the London Blitz and the Mexico City earthquake of 1985, I don’t believe in looting. Two things go on in disasters. The great majority of what happens you could call emergency requisitioning. Someone who could be you, someone in the kind of desperate circumstances I outlined above, takes necessary supplies to sustain human life in the absence of any alternative. Not only would I not call that looting, I wouldn’t even call that theft.
Necessity is a defense for breaking the law in the United States and other countries, though it’s usually applied more to, say, confiscating the car keys of a drunk driver than feeding hungry children. Taking things you don’t need is theft under any circumstances. It is, says the disaster sociologist Enrico Quarantelli, who has been studying the subject for more than half a century, vanishingly rare in most disasters.
Personal gain is the last thing most people are thinking about in the aftermath of a disaster. In that phase, the survivors are almost invariably more altruistic and less attached to their own property, less concerned with the long-term questions of acquisition, status, wealth, and security, than just about anyone not in such situations imagines possible. (The best accounts from Haiti of how people with next to nothing have patiently tried to share the little they have and support those in even worse shape than them only emphasize this disaster reality.) Crime often drops in the wake of a disaster.
The media are another matter. They tend to arrive obsessed with property (and the headlines that assaults on property can make). Media outlets often call everything looting and thereby incite hostility toward the sufferers as well as a hysterical overreaction on the part of the armed authorities. Or sometimes the journalists on the ground do a good job and the editors back in their safe offices cook up the crazy photo captions and the wrongheaded interpretations and emphases.
They also deploy the word panic wrongly. Panic among ordinary people in crisis is profoundly uncommon. The media will call a crowd of people running from certain death a panicking mob, even though running is the only sensible thing to do. In Haiti, they continue to report that food is being withheld from distribution for fear of “stampedes.” Do they think Haitians are cattle?
The belief that people in disaster (particularly poor and nonwhite people) are cattle or animals or just crazy and untrustworthy regularly justifies spending far too much energy and far too many resources on control — the American military calls it “security” — rather than relief. A British-accented voiceover on CNN calls people sprinting to where supplies are being dumped from a helicopter a “stampede” and adds that this delivery “risks sparking chaos.” The chaos already exists, and you can’t blame it on these people desperate for food and water. Or you can, and in doing so help convince your audience that they’re unworthy and untrustworthy.
Back to looting: of course you can consider Haiti’s dire poverty and failed institutions a long-term disaster that changes the rules of the game. There might be people who are not only interested in taking the things they need to survive in the next few days, but things they’ve never been entitled to own or things they may need next month. Technically that’s theft, but I’m not particularly surprised or distressed by it; the distressing thing is that even before the terrible quake they led lives of deprivation and desperation.
In ordinary times, minor theft is often considered a misdemeanor. No one is harmed. Unchecked, minor thefts could perhaps lead to an environment in which there were more thefts and so forth, and a good argument can be made that, in such a case, the tide needs to be stemmed. But it’s not particularly significant in a landscape of terrible suffering and mass death.
A number of radio hosts and other media personnel are still upset that people apparently took TVs after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in August 2005. Since I started thinking about, and talking to people about, disaster aftermaths I’ve heard a lot about those damned TVs. Now, which matters more to you, televisions or human life? People were dying on rooftops and in overheated attics and freeway overpasses, they were stranded in all kinds of hideous circumstances on the Gulf Coast in 2005 when the mainstream media began to obsess about looting, and the mayor of New Orleans and the governor of Louisiana made the decision to focus on protecting property, not human life.
A gang of white men on the other side of the river from New Orleans got so worked up about property crimes that they decided to take the law into their own hands and began shooting. They seem to have considered all black men criminals and thieves and shot a number of them. Some apparently died; there were bodies bloating in the September sun far from the region of the floods; one good man trying to evacuate the ruined city barely survived; and the media looked away. It took me months of nagging to even get the story covered. This vigilante gang claimed to be protecting property, though its members never demonstrated that their property was threatened. They boasted of killing black men. And they shared values with the mainstream media and the Louisiana powers that be.
Somehow, when the Bush administration subcontracted emergency services — like providing evacuation buses in Hurricane Katrina — to cronies who profited even while providing incompetent, overpriced, and much delayed service at the moment of greatest urgency, we didn’t label that looting.
Or when a lot of wealthy Wall Street brokers decide to tinker with a basic human need like housing…. Well, you catch my drift.
Woody Guthrie once sang that “some will rob you with a six-gun, and some with a fountain pen.” The guys with the six guns (or machetes or sharpened sticks) make for better photographs, and the guys with the fountain pens not only don’t end up in jail, they end up in McMansions with four-car garages and, sometimes, in elected — or appointed — office.
Learning to See in Crises
Last Christmas a priest, Father Tim Jones of York, started a ruckus in Britain when he said in a sermon that shoplifting by the desperate from chain stores might be acceptable behavior. Naturally, there was an uproar. Jones told the Associated Press: “The point I’m making is that when we shut down every socially acceptable avenue for people in need, then the only avenue left is the socially unacceptable one.”
The response focused almost entirely on why shoplifting is wrong, but the claim was also repeatedly made that it doesn’t help. In fact, food helps the hungry, a fact so bald it’s bizarre to even have to state it. The means by which it arrives is a separate matter. The focus remained on shoplifting, rather than on why there might be people so desperate in England’s green and pleasant land that shoplifting might be their only option, and whether unnecessary human suffering is itself a crime of sorts.
Right now, the point is that people in Haiti need food, and for all the publicity, the international delivery system has, so far, been a visible dud. Under such circumstances, breaking into a U.N. food warehouse — food assumedly meant for the poor of Haiti in a catastrophic moment — might not be “violence,” or “looting,” or “law-breaking.” It might be logic. It might be the most effective way of meeting a desperate need.
Why were so many people in Haiti hungry before the earthquake? Why do we have a planet that produces enough food for all and a distribution system that ensures more than a billion of us don’t have a decent share of that bounty? Those are not questions whose answers should be long delayed.
Even more urgently, we need compassion for the sufferers in Haiti and media that tell the truth about them. I’d like to propose alternative captions for those Los Angeles Times photographs as models for all future disasters:
Let’s start with the picture of the policeman hogtying the figure whose face is so anguished: “Ignoring thousands still trapped in rubble, a policeman accosts a sufferer who took evaporated milk. No adequate food distribution exists for Haiti’s starving millions.”
And the guy with the bolt of fabric? “As with every disaster, ordinary people show extraordinary powers of improvisation, and fabrics such as these are being used to make sun shelters around Haiti.”
For the murdered policeman: “Institutional overzealousness about protecting property leads to a gratuitous murder, as often happens in crises. Meanwhile countless people remain trapped beneath crushed buildings.”
And the crowd in the rubble labeled looters? How about: “Resourceful survivors salvage the means of sustaining life from the ruins of their world.”
That one might not be totally accurate, but it’s likely to be more accurate than the existing label. And what is absolutely accurate, in Haiti right now, and on Earth always, is that human life matters more than property, that the survivors of a catastrophe deserve our compassion and our understanding of their plight, and that we live and die by words and ideas, and it matters desperately that we get them right.
Copyright 2010 Rebecca Solnit
>Rumo a uma Internet mais (linguisticamente) democrática
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Internet
Órgão regulador aprova ‘maior mudança na internet’ em 40 anos
BBC Brasil – 30 de outubro, 2009 – 02:38 (Brasília)
A Icann (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), o órgão americano que administra a internet e os nomes dos sites, aprovou nesta sexta-feira, em Seul, na Coreia do Sul, o uso de caracteres não- romanos nos endereços da rede.
A medida está sendo considerada pela Icann como “a maior mudança na internet desde que foi inventada, há 40 anos” e reconhece o caráter global da rede.
A proposta foi aprovada em primeira instância em 2008 e permitirá que endereços sejam escritos em árabe, chinês ou japonês, por exemplo.
A agência passará a aceitar inscrições já em 16 de novembro e os primeiros domínios escritos em outros alfabetos já começarão a aparecer no início de 2010.
‘Identidade’
Segundo o porta-voz da Icann Rod Beckstrom, “mais da metade dos 1,6 bilhões de usuários de internet em todo o mundo usam outros alfabetos que não o latino”.
De acordo com o órgão, a nova medida ajudará esses usuários a manter sua identidade cultural no futuro.
“Esta mudança é muito necessária para os futuros usuários, na medida em que a internet continua a se expandir”, completou.
“O que criamos é um diferente sistema de tradução. Temos confiança de que ele funciona porque o temos testado por alguns anos”, disse Peter Dengate Thrush, da comissão encarregada de supervisionar o processo.
O sistema transforma endereços comuns, como “bbc.co.uk” em uma série de números que são posteriormente traduzidos para outros alfabetos.
Alguns países como China e Tailândia já introduziram sistemas que permitem que usuários escrevam endereços da rede em seus próprios idiomas, mas estas iniciativas não foram aprovadas internacionalmente ou funcionam em qualquer computador.
>A proibição da língua brasileira
>
JOSÉ DE SOUZA MARTINS
TENDÊNCIAS/DEBATES – Opinião – Folha de S.Paulo
São Paulo, domingo, 20 de julho de 2003
Matéria publicada na Ilustrada de 18 de junho dava conta de que uma nota da Anatel, de agosto de 2002, sobre um programa radiofônico da FM Educativa, de Campo Grande (MS), transmitido na língua nheengatu, levantava a questão da sua legalidade em face de uma lei de 1963 que proíbe veiculações radiofônicas em língua estrangeira. A dúvida da Anatel põe em questão a legalidade da língua ainda falada por brasileiros de várias regiões do país e em suas variantes residuais ainda falada por milhões de brasileiros, especialmente crianças e iletrados, que só aparentemente falam o português oficial dos decretos.
O nheengatu, também conhecido como “língua geral”, a língua que se quer proibir, é a verdadeira língua nacional brasileira. O nheengatu foi desenvolvido pelos jesuítas nos séculos 16 e 17, com base no vocabulário e na pronúncia tupi, que era a língua das tribos da costa, tendo como referência a gramática da língua portuguesa, enriquecida com palavras portuguesas e espanholas. A língua geral foi usada correntemente pelos brasileiros de origem ibérica, como língua de conversação cotidiana, até o século 18, quando foi proibida pelo rei de Portugal. Mesmo assim continuou sendo falada.
Da língua geral ficou como remanescente o dialeto caipira, tema de dicionário e objeto de estudos linguísticos até recentes. Sobraram pronúncias da língua tupi, reduções e adaptações da língua portuguesa. Um jesuíta, no século 16, já observara que os índios da costa tinham grande dificuldade para pronunciar letras como o “l” e o “r”. Especialmente na finalização de palavras como “quintal” e “animal”; ou verbos como “falar”, “dizer” e “fugir”. Essas letras foram simplesmente suprimidas e as palavras transformadas em “quintá”, “animá”, “falá”, “dizê”, “fugi”.
Dificuldades também havia para pronunciar as consoantes dobradas. Daí que, no dialeto caipira, “orelha” tenha se tornado “orêia” (uma consoante em vez de três; quatro vogais em vez de três), “coalho” seja “coaio”, “colher” tenha virado “cuié”, “os olhos” sejam “o zóio”… E no Nordeste ainda se ouve a suave “fulô” no lugar da menos suave “flor”. Uma abundância de vogais em detrimento das consoantes, até mesmo com a introdução de vogais onde não existiam. Exatamente o contrário da evolução da sonoridade da língua em Portugal, em que predominam os ásperos sons das consoantes. No Brasil, a língua portuguesa ficou mais doce e mais lenta, mais descansada, justamente pela enorme influência das sonoridades da língua geral, o nheengatu.
Somos um povo bilíngue, e o reconhecimento desse bilinguismo seria fundamental no trabalho dos educadores
Nossa língua cotidiana está algo distanciada da língua portuguesa, que é a oficial e, num certo sentido, é uma língua importada. Não raro viajamos entre toponímicos tupi. Na cidade de São Paulo, transito regularmente entre o Butantã e Carapicuíba e o Embu, aonde levo meus alunos, periodicamente, para uma aula de rua. Ou os levo ao Museu Paulista, no Ipiranga, para outra aula, ou à Moóca, para observações etnográficas sobre uma festa italiana. Faço tudo isso dentro da língua tupi. Como posso ir do rio Guaíba à Paraíba ou ao Pará ou ao Piauí sem achar que estou falando uma língua estrangeira, que ela não é.
Em escolas rurais de povoados do Mato Grosso, do Pará e do Maranhão, observei um fato curioso. Uma vez que as crianças escrevem como falam, não é raro que acrescentem de preferência um “r” às palavras oxítonas, a letra usada como acento agudo: “ater”, em vez de “até”; “Joser”, em vez de “José”. Algo que tem sua curiosa legitimidade no modo como se escrevia oficialmente o português até meados do século 19, letras fazendo as vezes de acentos e sinais. A própria língua falada, no confronto com a escrita, oferece às crianças inteligentes a chave de adaptação de uma à outra: se elas dizem “falá” e vêm que a palavra escrita é “falar”, logo entendem que o “r” é aí acento, e não letra para ser pronunciada.
É comovente a reação dos jovens quando descobrem que são falantes do que resta de uma língua que já foi a língua do povo brasileiro e que conhecem um grande número de sons e palavras tupi. O que lhes dizem ser erro e ignorância é, na verdade, história social, valorosa sobrevivência da nossa verdadeira língua brasileira. Se não fosse assim, seria impossível rir daquela história de dois mineiros que resolveram temperar a prosa com café. E foram para a cozinha. Água fervida, coador pronto, um pergunta para o outro: “Pó pô o pó?”. E o outro responde, firme: “Pó pô!”.
De fato, somos um povo bilíngue, e o reconhecimento desse bilinguismo seria fundamental no trabalho dos educadores, em particular para enriquecer a compreensão da língua portuguesa, última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela, mais bela ainda porque invadida por esse outro lado da nossa identidade social, que teimamos em desconhecer.
José de Souza Martins, 64, é professor titular do Departamento de Sociologia da USP.
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